---
name: pixel-art
description: "Pixel art w/ era palettes (NES, Game Boy, PICO-8)."
version: 2.0.0
author: dodo-reach
license: MIT
platforms: [linux, macos, windows]
metadata:
  hermes:
    tags: [creative, pixel-art, arcade, snes, nes, gameboy, retro, image, video]
    category: creative
    credits:
      - "Hardware palettes and animation loops ported from Synero/pixel-art-studio (MIT) — https://github.com/Synero/pixel-art-studio"
---

# Pixel Art

Convert any image into retro pixel art, then optionally animate it into a short
MP4 or GIF with era-appropriate effects (rain, fireflies, snow, embers).

Two scripts ship with this skill:

- `scripts/pixel_art.py` — photo → pixel-art PNG (Floyd-Steinberg dithering)
- `scripts/pixel_art_video.py` — pixel-art PNG → animated MP4 (+ optional GIF)

Each is importable or runnable directly. Presets snap to hardware palettes
when you want era-accurate colors (NES, Game Boy, PICO-8, etc.), or use
adaptive N-color quantization for arcade/SNES-style looks.

## When to Use

- User wants retro pixel art from a source image
- User asks for NES / Game Boy / PICO-8 / C64 / arcade / SNES styling
- User wants a short looping animation (rain scene, night sky, snow, etc.)
- Posters, album covers, social posts, sprites, characters, avatars

## Workflow

Before generating, confirm the style with the user. Different presets produce
very different outputs and regenerating is costly.

### Step 1 — Offer a style

Call `clarify` with 4 representative presets. Pick the set based on what the
user asked for — don't just dump all 14.

Default menu when the user's intent is unclear:

```python
clarify(
    question="Which pixel-art style do you want?",
    choices=[
        "arcade — bold, chunky 80s cabinet feel (16 colors, 8px)",
        "nes — Nintendo 8-bit hardware palette (54 colors, 8px)",
        "gameboy — 4-shade green Game Boy DMG",
        "snes — cleaner 16-bit look (32 colors, 4px)",
    ],
)
```

When the user already named an era (e.g. "80s arcade", "Gameboy"), skip
`clarify` and use the matching preset directly.

### Step 2 — Offer animation (optional)

If the user asked for a video/GIF, or the output might benefit from motion,
ask which scene:

```python
clarify(
    question="Want to animate it? Pick a scene or skip.",
    choices=[
        "night — stars + fireflies + leaves",
        "urban — rain + neon pulse",
        "snow — falling snowflakes",
        "skip — just the image",
    ],
)
```

Do NOT call `clarify` more than twice in a row. One for style, one for scene if
animation is on the table. If the user explicitly asked for a specific style
and scene in their message, skip `clarify` entirely.

### Step 3 — Generate

Run `pixel_art()` first; if animation was requested, chain into
`pixel_art_video()` on the result.

## Preset Catalog

| Preset | Era | Palette | Block | Best for |
|--------|-----|---------|-------|----------|
| `arcade` | 80s arcade | adaptive 16 | 8px | Bold posters, hero art |
| `snes` | 16-bit | adaptive 32 | 4px | Characters, detailed scenes |
| `nes` | 8-bit | NES (54) | 8px | True NES look |
| `gameboy` | DMG handheld | 4 green shades | 8px | Monochrome Game Boy |
| `gameboy_pocket` | Pocket handheld | 4 grey shades | 8px | Mono GB Pocket |
| `pico8` | PICO-8 | 16 fixed | 6px | Fantasy-console look |
| `c64` | Commodore 64 | 16 fixed | 8px | 8-bit home computer |
| `apple2` | Apple II hi-res | 6 fixed | 10px | Extreme retro, 6 colors |
| `teletext` | BBC Teletext | 8 pure | 10px | Chunky primary colors |
| `mspaint` | Windows MS Paint | 24 fixed | 8px | Nostalgic desktop |
| `mono_green` | CRT phosphor | 2 green | 6px | Terminal/CRT aesthetic |
| `mono_amber` | CRT amber | 2 amber | 6px | Amber monitor look |
| `neon` | Cyberpunk | 10 neons | 6px | Vaporwave/cyber |
| `pastel` | Soft pastel | 10 pastels | 6px | Kawaii / gentle |

Named palettes live in `scripts/palettes.py` (see `references/palettes.md` for
the complete list — 28 named palettes total). Any preset can be overridden:

```python
pixel_art("in.png", "out.png", preset="snes", palette="PICO_8", block=6)
```

## Scene Catalog (for video)

| Scene | Effects |
|-------|---------|
| `night` | Twinkling stars + fireflies + drifting leaves |
| `dusk` | Fireflies + sparkles |
| `tavern` | Dust motes + warm sparkles |
| `indoor` | Dust motes |
| `urban` | Rain + neon pulse |
| `nature` | Leaves + fireflies |
| `magic` | Sparkles + fireflies |
| `storm` | Rain + lightning |
| `underwater` | Bubbles + light sparkles |
| `fire` | Embers + sparkles |
| `snow` | Snowflakes + sparkles |
| `desert` | Heat shimmer + dust |

## Invocation Patterns

### Python (import)

```python
import sys
import os
sys.path.insert(0, os.path.expanduser("~/.hermes/skills/creative/pixel-art/scripts"))
from pixel_art import pixel_art
from pixel_art_video import pixel_art_video

# 1. Convert to pixel art
pixel_art("/path/to/photo.jpg", "/tmp/pixel.png", preset="nes")

# 2. Animate (optional)
pixel_art_video(
    "/tmp/pixel.png",
    "/tmp/pixel.mp4",
    scene="night",
    duration=6,
    fps=15,
    seed=42,
    export_gif=True,
)
```

### CLI

```bash
cd ~/.hermes/skills/creative/pixel-art/scripts

python pixel_art.py in.jpg out.png --preset gameboy
python pixel_art.py in.jpg out.png --preset snes --palette PICO_8 --block 6

python pixel_art_video.py out.png out.mp4 --scene night --duration 6 --gif
```

## Pipeline Rationale

**Pixel conversion:**
1. Boost contrast/color/sharpness (stronger for smaller palettes)
2. Posterize to simplify tonal regions before quantization
3. Downscale by `block` with `Image.NEAREST` (hard pixels, no interpolation)
4. Quantize with Floyd-Steinberg dithering — against either an adaptive
   N-color palette OR a named hardware palette
5. Upscale back with `Image.NEAREST`

Quantizing AFTER downscale keeps dithering aligned with the final pixel grid.
Quantizing before would waste error-diffusion on detail that disappears.

**Video overlay:**
- Copies the base frame each tick (static background)
- Overlays stateless-per-frame particle draws (one function per effect)
- Encodes via ffmpeg `libx264 -pix_fmt yuv420p -crf 18`
- Optional GIF via `palettegen` + `paletteuse`

## Dependencies

- Python 3.9+
- Pillow (`pip install Pillow`)
- ffmpeg on PATH (only needed for video — Hermes installs package this)

## Pitfalls

- Pallet keys are case-sensitive (`"NES"`, `"PICO_8"`, `"GAMEBOY_ORIGINAL"`).
- Very small sources (<100px wide) collapse under 8-10px blocks. Upscale the
  source first if it's tiny.
- Fractional `block` or `palette` will break quantization — keep them positive ints.
- Animation particle counts are tuned for ~640x480 canvases. On very large
  images you may want a second pass with a different seed for density.
- `mono_green` / `mono_amber` force `color=0.0` (desaturate). If you override
  and keep chroma, the 2-color palette can produce stripes on smooth regions.
- `clarify` loop: call it at most twice per turn (style, then scene). Don't
  pepper the user with more picks.

## Verification

- PNG is created at the output path
- Clear square pixel blocks visible at the preset's block size
- Color count matches preset (eyeball the image or run `Image.open(p).getcolors()`)
- Video is a valid MP4 (`ffprobe` can open it) with non-zero size

## Attribution

Named hardware palettes and the procedural animation loops in `pixel_art_video.py`
are ported from [pixel-art-studio](https://github.com/Synero/pixel-art-studio)
(MIT). See `ATTRIBUTION.md` in this skill directory for details.
