// This file is part of OpenCV project.
// It is subject to the license terms in the LICENSE file found in the top-level directory
// of this distribution and at http://opencv.org/license.html.
#include "test_precomp.hpp"

#ifdef HAVE_EIGEN
#include <Eigen/Core>
#include <Eigen/Dense>
#include "opencv2/core/eigen.hpp"
#endif

#include "opencv2/core/cuda.hpp"

namespace opencv_test { namespace {

class Core_ReduceTest : public cvtest::BaseTest
{
public:
    Core_ReduceTest() {}
protected:
    void run( int) CV_OVERRIDE;
    int checkOp( const Mat& src, int dstType, int opType, const Mat& opRes, int dim );
    int checkCase( int srcType, int dstType, int dim, Size sz );
    int checkDim( int dim, Size sz );
    int checkSize( Size sz );
};

template<class Type>
void testReduce( const Mat& src, Mat& sum, Mat& avg, Mat& max, Mat& min, Mat& sum2, int dim )
{
    CV_Assert( src.channels() == 1 );
    if( dim == 0 ) // row
    {
        sum.create( 1, src.cols, CV_64FC1 );
        max.create( 1, src.cols, CV_64FC1 );
        min.create( 1, src.cols, CV_64FC1 );
        sum2.create( 1, src.cols, CV_64FC1 );
    }
    else
    {
        sum.create( src.rows, 1, CV_64FC1 );
        max.create( src.rows, 1, CV_64FC1 );
        min.create( src.rows, 1, CV_64FC1 );
        sum2.create( src.rows, 1, CV_64FC1 );
    }
    sum.setTo(Scalar(0));
    max.setTo(Scalar(-DBL_MAX));
    min.setTo(Scalar(DBL_MAX));
    sum2.setTo(Scalar(0));

    const Mat_<Type>& src_ = src;
    Mat_<double>& sum_ = (Mat_<double>&)sum;
    Mat_<double>& min_ = (Mat_<double>&)min;
    Mat_<double>& max_ = (Mat_<double>&)max;
    Mat_<double>& sum2_ = (Mat_<double>&)sum2;

    if( dim == 0 )
    {
        for( int ri = 0; ri < src.rows; ri++ )
        {
            for( int ci = 0; ci < src.cols; ci++ )
            {
                sum_(0, ci) += src_(ri, ci);
                max_(0, ci) = std::max( max_(0, ci), (double)src_(ri, ci) );
                min_(0, ci) = std::min( min_(0, ci), (double)src_(ri, ci) );
                sum2_(0, ci) += ((double)src_(ri, ci))*((double)src_(ri, ci));
            }
        }
    }
    else
    {
        for( int ci = 0; ci < src.cols; ci++ )
        {
            for( int ri = 0; ri < src.rows; ri++ )
            {
                sum_(ri, 0) += src_(ri, ci);
                max_(ri, 0) = std::max( max_(ri, 0), (double)src_(ri, ci) );
                min_(ri, 0) = std::min( min_(ri, 0), (double)src_(ri, ci) );
                sum2_(ri, 0) += ((double)src_(ri, ci))*((double)src_(ri, ci));
            }
        }
    }
    sum.convertTo( avg, CV_64FC1 );
    avg = avg * (1.0 / (dim==0 ? (double)src.rows : (double)src.cols));
}

void getMatTypeStr( int type, string& str)
{
    str = type == CV_8UC1 ? "CV_8UC1" :
    type == CV_8SC1 ? "CV_8SC1" :
    type == CV_16UC1 ? "CV_16UC1" :
    type == CV_16SC1 ? "CV_16SC1" :
    type == CV_32SC1 ? "CV_32SC1" :
    type == CV_32FC1 ? "CV_32FC1" :
    type == CV_64FC1 ? "CV_64FC1" : "unsupported matrix type";
}

int Core_ReduceTest::checkOp( const Mat& src, int dstType, int opType, const Mat& opRes, int dim )
{
    int srcType = src.type();
    bool support = false;
    if( opType == REDUCE_SUM || opType == REDUCE_AVG || opType == REDUCE_SUM2 )
    {
        if( srcType == CV_8U && (dstType == CV_32S || dstType == CV_32F || dstType == CV_64F) )
            support = true;
        if( srcType == CV_16U && (dstType == CV_32F || dstType == CV_64F) )
            support = true;
        if( srcType == CV_16S && (dstType == CV_32F || dstType == CV_64F) )
            support = true;
        if( srcType == CV_32F && (dstType == CV_32F || dstType == CV_64F) )
            support = true;
        if( srcType == CV_64F && dstType == CV_64F)
            support = true;
    }
    else if( opType == REDUCE_MAX )
    {
        if( srcType == CV_8U && dstType == CV_8U )
            support = true;
        if( srcType == CV_32F && dstType == CV_32F )
            support = true;
        if( srcType == CV_64F && dstType == CV_64F )
            support = true;
    }
    else if( opType == REDUCE_MIN )
    {
        if( srcType == CV_8U && dstType == CV_8U)
            support = true;
        if( srcType == CV_32F && dstType == CV_32F)
            support = true;
        if( srcType == CV_64F && dstType == CV_64F)
            support = true;
    }
    if( !support )
        return cvtest::TS::OK;

    double eps = 0.0;
    if ( opType == REDUCE_SUM || opType == REDUCE_AVG || opType == REDUCE_SUM2 )
    {
        if ( dstType == CV_32F )
            eps = 1.e-5;
        else if( dstType == CV_64F )
            eps = 1.e-8;
        else if ( dstType == CV_32S )
            eps = 0.6;
    }

    CV_Assert( opRes.type() == CV_64FC1 );
    Mat _dst, dst, diff;
    cv::reduce( src, _dst, dim, opType, dstType );
    _dst.convertTo( dst, CV_64FC1 );

    absdiff( opRes,dst,diff );
    bool check = false;
    if (dstType == CV_32F || dstType == CV_64F)
        check = countNonZero(diff>eps*dst) > 0;
    else
        check = countNonZero(diff>eps) > 0;
    if( check )
    {
        char msg[100];
        const char* opTypeStr =
          opType == REDUCE_SUM ? "REDUCE_SUM" :
          opType == REDUCE_AVG ? "REDUCE_AVG" :
          opType == REDUCE_MAX ? "REDUCE_MAX" :
          opType == REDUCE_MIN ? "REDUCE_MIN" :
          opType == REDUCE_SUM2 ? "REDUCE_SUM2" :
          "unknown operation type";
        string srcTypeStr, dstTypeStr;
        getMatTypeStr( src.type(), srcTypeStr );
        getMatTypeStr( dstType, dstTypeStr );
        const char* dimStr = dim == 0 ? "ROWS" : "COLS";

        snprintf( msg, sizeof(msg), "bad accuracy with srcType = %s, dstType = %s, opType = %s, dim = %s",
                srcTypeStr.c_str(), dstTypeStr.c_str(), opTypeStr, dimStr );
        ts->printf( cvtest::TS::LOG, msg );
        return cvtest::TS::FAIL_BAD_ACCURACY;
    }
    return cvtest::TS::OK;
}

int Core_ReduceTest::checkCase( int srcType, int dstType, int dim, Size sz )
{
    int code = cvtest::TS::OK, tempCode;
    Mat src, sum, avg, max, min, sum2;

    src.create( sz, srcType );
    randu( src, Scalar(0), Scalar(100) );

    if( srcType == CV_8UC1 )
        testReduce<uchar>( src, sum, avg, max, min, sum2, dim );
    else if( srcType == CV_8SC1 )
        testReduce<char>( src, sum, avg, max, min, sum2, dim );
    else if( srcType == CV_16UC1 )
        testReduce<unsigned short int>( src, sum, avg, max, min, sum2, dim );
    else if( srcType == CV_16SC1 )
        testReduce<short int>( src, sum, avg, max, min, sum2, dim );
    else if( srcType == CV_32SC1 )
        testReduce<int>( src, sum, avg, max, min, sum2, dim );
    else if( srcType == CV_32FC1 )
        testReduce<float>( src, sum, avg, max, min, sum2, dim );
    else if( srcType == CV_64FC1 )
        testReduce<double>( src, sum, avg, max, min, sum2, dim );
    else
        CV_Assert( 0 );

    // 1. sum
    tempCode = checkOp( src, dstType, REDUCE_SUM, sum, dim );
    code = tempCode != cvtest::TS::OK ? tempCode : code;

    // 2. avg
    tempCode = checkOp( src, dstType, REDUCE_AVG, avg, dim );
    code = tempCode != cvtest::TS::OK ? tempCode : code;

    // 3. max
    tempCode = checkOp( src, dstType, REDUCE_MAX, max, dim );
    code = tempCode != cvtest::TS::OK ? tempCode : code;

    // 4. min
    tempCode = checkOp( src, dstType, REDUCE_MIN, min, dim );
    code = tempCode != cvtest::TS::OK ? tempCode : code;

    // 5. sum2
    tempCode = checkOp( src, dstType, REDUCE_SUM2, sum2, dim );
    code = tempCode != cvtest::TS::OK ? tempCode : code;

    return code;
}

int Core_ReduceTest::checkDim( int dim, Size sz )
{
    int code = cvtest::TS::OK, tempCode;

    // CV_8UC1
    tempCode = checkCase( CV_8UC1, CV_8UC1, dim, sz );
    code = tempCode != cvtest::TS::OK ? tempCode : code;

    tempCode = checkCase( CV_8UC1, CV_32SC1, dim, sz );
    code = tempCode != cvtest::TS::OK ? tempCode : code;

    tempCode = checkCase( CV_8UC1, CV_32FC1, dim, sz );
    code = tempCode != cvtest::TS::OK ? tempCode : code;

    tempCode = checkCase( CV_8UC1, CV_64FC1, dim, sz );
    code = tempCode != cvtest::TS::OK ? tempCode : code;

    // CV_16UC1
    tempCode = checkCase( CV_16UC1, CV_32FC1, dim, sz );
    code = tempCode != cvtest::TS::OK ? tempCode : code;

    tempCode = checkCase( CV_16UC1, CV_64FC1, dim, sz );
    code = tempCode != cvtest::TS::OK ? tempCode : code;

    // CV_16SC1
    tempCode = checkCase( CV_16SC1, CV_32FC1, dim, sz );
    code = tempCode != cvtest::TS::OK ? tempCode : code;

    tempCode = checkCase( CV_16SC1, CV_64FC1, dim, sz );
    code = tempCode != cvtest::TS::OK ? tempCode : code;

    // CV_32FC1
    tempCode = checkCase( CV_32FC1, CV_32FC1, dim, sz );
    code = tempCode != cvtest::TS::OK ? tempCode : code;

    tempCode = checkCase( CV_32FC1, CV_64FC1, dim, sz );
    code = tempCode != cvtest::TS::OK ? tempCode : code;

    // CV_64FC1
    tempCode = checkCase( CV_64FC1, CV_64FC1, dim, sz );
    code = tempCode != cvtest::TS::OK ? tempCode : code;

    return code;
}

int Core_ReduceTest::checkSize( Size sz )
{
    int code = cvtest::TS::OK, tempCode;

    tempCode = checkDim( 0, sz ); // rows
    code = tempCode != cvtest::TS::OK ? tempCode : code;

    tempCode = checkDim( 1, sz ); // cols
    code = tempCode != cvtest::TS::OK ? tempCode : code;

    return code;
}

void Core_ReduceTest::run( int )
{
    int code = cvtest::TS::OK, tempCode;

    tempCode = checkSize( Size(1,1) );
    code = tempCode != cvtest::TS::OK ? tempCode : code;

    tempCode = checkSize( Size(1,100) );
    code = tempCode != cvtest::TS::OK ? tempCode : code;

    tempCode = checkSize( Size(100,1) );
    code = tempCode != cvtest::TS::OK ? tempCode : code;

    tempCode = checkSize( Size(1000,500) );
    code = tempCode != cvtest::TS::OK ? tempCode : code;

    ts->set_failed_test_info( code );
}


#define CHECK_C

TEST(Core_PCA, accuracy)
{
    const Size sz(200, 500);

    double diffPrjEps, diffBackPrjEps,
    prjEps, backPrjEps,
    evalEps, evecEps;
    int maxComponents = 100;
    double retainedVariance = 0.95;
    Mat rPoints(sz, CV_32FC1), rTestPoints(sz, CV_32FC1);
    RNG rng(12345);

    rng.fill( rPoints, RNG::UNIFORM, Scalar::all(0.0), Scalar::all(1.0) );
    rng.fill( rTestPoints, RNG::UNIFORM, Scalar::all(0.0), Scalar::all(1.0) );

    PCA rPCA( rPoints, Mat(), CV_PCA_DATA_AS_ROW, maxComponents ), cPCA;

    // 1. check C++ PCA & ROW
    Mat rPrjTestPoints = rPCA.project( rTestPoints );
    Mat rBackPrjTestPoints = rPCA.backProject( rPrjTestPoints );

    Mat avg(1, sz.width, CV_32FC1 );
    cv::reduce( rPoints, avg, 0, REDUCE_AVG );
    Mat Q = rPoints - repeat( avg, rPoints.rows, 1 ), Qt = Q.t(), eval, evec;
    Q = Qt * Q;
    Q = Q /(float)rPoints.rows;

    eigen( Q, eval, evec );
    /*SVD svd(Q);
     evec = svd.vt;
     eval = svd.w;*/

    Mat subEval( maxComponents, 1, eval.type(), eval.ptr() ),
    subEvec( maxComponents, evec.cols, evec.type(), evec.ptr() );

#ifdef CHECK_C
    Mat prjTestPoints, backPrjTestPoints, cPoints = rPoints.t(), cTestPoints = rTestPoints.t();
    CvMat _points, _testPoints, _avg, _eval, _evec, _prjTestPoints, _backPrjTestPoints;
#endif

    // check eigen()
    double eigenEps = 1e-4;
    double err;
    for(int i = 0; i < Q.rows; i++ )
    {
        Mat v = evec.row(i).t();
        Mat Qv = Q * v;

        Mat lv = eval.at<float>(i,0) * v;
        err = cvtest::norm(Qv, lv, NORM_L2 | NORM_RELATIVE);
        EXPECT_LE(err, eigenEps) << "bad accuracy of eigen(); i = " << i;
    }
    // check pca eigenvalues
    evalEps = 1e-5, evecEps = 5e-3;
    err = cvtest::norm(rPCA.eigenvalues, subEval, NORM_L2 | NORM_RELATIVE);
    EXPECT_LE(err , evalEps) << "pca.eigenvalues is incorrect (CV_PCA_DATA_AS_ROW)";
    // check pca eigenvectors
    for(int i = 0; i < subEvec.rows; i++)
    {
        Mat r0 = rPCA.eigenvectors.row(i);
        Mat r1 = subEvec.row(i);
        // eigenvectors have normalized length, but both directions v and -v are valid
        double err1 = cvtest::norm(r0, r1, NORM_L2 | NORM_RELATIVE);
        double err2 = cvtest::norm(r0, -r1, NORM_L2 | NORM_RELATIVE);
        err = std::min(err1, err2);
        if (err > evecEps)
        {
            Mat tmp;
            absdiff(rPCA.eigenvectors, subEvec, tmp);
            double mval = 0; Point mloc;
            minMaxLoc(tmp, 0, &mval, 0, &mloc);

            EXPECT_LE(err, evecEps) << "pca.eigenvectors is incorrect (CV_PCA_DATA_AS_ROW) at " << i << " "
                << cv::format("max diff is %g at (i=%d, j=%d) (%g vs %g)\n",
                        mval, mloc.y, mloc.x, rPCA.eigenvectors.at<float>(mloc.y, mloc.x),
                        subEvec.at<float>(mloc.y, mloc.x))
                << "r0=" << r0 << std::endl
                << "r1=" << r1 << std::endl
                << "err1=" << err1 << " err2=" << err2
            ;
        }
    }

    prjEps = 1.265, backPrjEps = 1.265;
    for( int i = 0; i < rTestPoints.rows; i++ )
    {
        // check pca project
        Mat subEvec_t = subEvec.t();
        Mat prj = rTestPoints.row(i) - avg; prj *= subEvec_t;
        err = cvtest::norm(rPrjTestPoints.row(i), prj, NORM_L2 | NORM_RELATIVE);
        if (err < prjEps)
        {
            EXPECT_LE(err, prjEps) << "bad accuracy of project() (CV_PCA_DATA_AS_ROW)";
            continue;
        }
        // check pca backProject
        Mat backPrj = rPrjTestPoints.row(i) * subEvec + avg;
        err = cvtest::norm(rBackPrjTestPoints.row(i), backPrj, NORM_L2 | NORM_RELATIVE);
        if (err > backPrjEps)
        {
            EXPECT_LE(err, backPrjEps) << "bad accuracy of backProject() (CV_PCA_DATA_AS_ROW)";
            continue;
        }
    }

    // 2. check C++ PCA & COL
    cPCA( rPoints.t(), Mat(), CV_PCA_DATA_AS_COL, maxComponents );
    diffPrjEps = 1, diffBackPrjEps = 1;
    Mat ocvPrjTestPoints = cPCA.project(rTestPoints.t());
    err = cvtest::norm(cv::abs(ocvPrjTestPoints), cv::abs(rPrjTestPoints.t()), NORM_L2 | NORM_RELATIVE);
    ASSERT_LE(err, diffPrjEps) << "bad accuracy of project() (CV_PCA_DATA_AS_COL)";
    err = cvtest::norm(cPCA.backProject(ocvPrjTestPoints), rBackPrjTestPoints.t(), NORM_L2 | NORM_RELATIVE);
    ASSERT_LE(err, diffBackPrjEps) << "bad accuracy of backProject() (CV_PCA_DATA_AS_COL)";

    // 3. check C++ PCA w/retainedVariance
    cPCA( rPoints.t(), Mat(), CV_PCA_DATA_AS_COL, retainedVariance );
    diffPrjEps = 1, diffBackPrjEps = 1;
    Mat rvPrjTestPoints = cPCA.project(rTestPoints.t());

    if( cPCA.eigenvectors.rows > maxComponents)
        err = cvtest::norm(cv::abs(rvPrjTestPoints.rowRange(0,maxComponents)), cv::abs(rPrjTestPoints.t()), NORM_L2 | NORM_RELATIVE);
    else
        err = cvtest::norm(cv::abs(rvPrjTestPoints), cv::abs(rPrjTestPoints.colRange(0,cPCA.eigenvectors.rows).t()), NORM_L2 | NORM_RELATIVE);

    ASSERT_LE(err, diffPrjEps) << "bad accuracy of project() (CV_PCA_DATA_AS_COL); retainedVariance=" << retainedVariance;
    err = cvtest::norm(cPCA.backProject(rvPrjTestPoints), rBackPrjTestPoints.t(), NORM_L2 | NORM_RELATIVE);
    ASSERT_LE(err, diffBackPrjEps) << "bad accuracy of backProject() (CV_PCA_DATA_AS_COL); retainedVariance=" << retainedVariance;

#ifdef CHECK_C
    // 4. check C PCA & ROW
    _points = cvMat(rPoints);
    _testPoints = cvMat(rTestPoints);
    _avg = cvMat(avg);
    _eval = cvMat(eval);
    _evec = cvMat(evec);
    prjTestPoints.create(rTestPoints.rows, maxComponents, rTestPoints.type() );
    backPrjTestPoints.create(rPoints.size(), rPoints.type() );
    _prjTestPoints = cvMat(prjTestPoints);
    _backPrjTestPoints = cvMat(backPrjTestPoints);

    cvCalcPCA( &_points, &_avg, &_eval, &_evec, CV_PCA_DATA_AS_ROW );
    cvProjectPCA( &_testPoints, &_avg, &_evec, &_prjTestPoints );
    cvBackProjectPCA( &_prjTestPoints, &_avg, &_evec, &_backPrjTestPoints );

    err = cvtest::norm(prjTestPoints, rPrjTestPoints, NORM_L2 | NORM_RELATIVE);
    ASSERT_LE(err, diffPrjEps) << "bad accuracy of cvProjectPCA() (CV_PCA_DATA_AS_ROW)";
    err = cvtest::norm(backPrjTestPoints, rBackPrjTestPoints, NORM_L2 | NORM_RELATIVE);
    ASSERT_LE(err, diffBackPrjEps) << "bad accuracy of cvBackProjectPCA() (CV_PCA_DATA_AS_ROW)";

    // 5. check C PCA & COL
    _points = cvMat(cPoints);
    _testPoints = cvMat(cTestPoints);
    avg = avg.t(); _avg = cvMat(avg);
    eval = eval.t(); _eval = cvMat(eval);
    evec = evec.t(); _evec = cvMat(evec);
    prjTestPoints = prjTestPoints.t(); _prjTestPoints = cvMat(prjTestPoints);
    backPrjTestPoints = backPrjTestPoints.t(); _backPrjTestPoints = cvMat(backPrjTestPoints);

    cvCalcPCA( &_points, &_avg, &_eval, &_evec, CV_PCA_DATA_AS_COL );
    cvProjectPCA( &_testPoints, &_avg, &_evec, &_prjTestPoints );
    cvBackProjectPCA( &_prjTestPoints, &_avg, &_evec, &_backPrjTestPoints );

    err = cvtest::norm(cv::abs(prjTestPoints), cv::abs(rPrjTestPoints.t()), NORM_L2 | NORM_RELATIVE);
    ASSERT_LE(err, diffPrjEps) << "bad accuracy of cvProjectPCA() (CV_PCA_DATA_AS_COL)";
    err = cvtest::norm(backPrjTestPoints, rBackPrjTestPoints.t(), NORM_L2 | NORM_RELATIVE);
    ASSERT_LE(err, diffBackPrjEps) << "bad accuracy of cvBackProjectPCA() (CV_PCA_DATA_AS_COL)";
#endif
    // Test read and write
    const std::string filename = cv::tempfile("PCA_store.yml");
    FileStorage fs( filename, FileStorage::WRITE );
    rPCA.write( fs );
    fs.release();

    PCA lPCA;
    fs.open( filename, FileStorage::READ );
    lPCA.read( fs.root() );
    err = cvtest::norm(rPCA.eigenvectors, lPCA.eigenvectors, NORM_L2 | NORM_RELATIVE);
    EXPECT_LE(err, 0) << "bad accuracy of write/load functions (YML)";
    err = cvtest::norm(rPCA.eigenvalues, lPCA.eigenvalues, NORM_L2 | NORM_RELATIVE);
    EXPECT_LE(err, 0) << "bad accuracy of write/load functions (YML)";
    err = cvtest::norm(rPCA.mean, lPCA.mean, NORM_L2 | NORM_RELATIVE);
    EXPECT_LE(err, 0) << "bad accuracy of write/load functions (YML)";
    EXPECT_EQ(0, remove(filename.c_str()));
}

class Core_ArrayOpTest : public cvtest::BaseTest
{
public:
    Core_ArrayOpTest();
    ~Core_ArrayOpTest();
protected:
    void run(int) CV_OVERRIDE;
};


Core_ArrayOpTest::Core_ArrayOpTest()
{
}
Core_ArrayOpTest::~Core_ArrayOpTest() {}

static string idx2string(const int* idx, int dims)
{
    char buf[256];
    char* ptr = buf;
    for( int k = 0; k < dims; k++ )
    {
        snprintf(ptr, sizeof(buf) - (ptr - buf), "%4d ", idx[k]);
        ptr += strlen(ptr);
    }
    ptr[-1] = '\0';
    return string(buf);
}

static const int* string2idx(const string& s, int* idx, int dims)
{
    const char* ptr = s.c_str();
    for( int k = 0; k < dims; k++ )
    {
        int n = 0;
        sscanf(ptr, "%d%n", idx + k, &n);
        ptr += n;
    }
    return idx;
}

static double getValue(SparseMat& M, const int* idx, RNG& rng)
{
    int d = M.dims();
    size_t hv = 0, *phv = 0;
    if( (unsigned)rng % 2 )
    {
        hv = d == 2 ? M.hash(idx[0], idx[1]) :
        d == 3 ? M.hash(idx[0], idx[1], idx[2]) : M.hash(idx);
        phv = &hv;
    }

    const uchar* ptr = d == 2 ? M.ptr(idx[0], idx[1], false, phv) :
    d == 3 ? M.ptr(idx[0], idx[1], idx[2], false, phv) :
    M.ptr(idx, false, phv);
    return !ptr ? 0 : M.type() == CV_32F ? *(float*)ptr : M.type() == CV_64F ? *(double*)ptr : 0;
}

static double getValue(const CvSparseMat* M, const int* idx)
{
    int type = 0;
    const uchar* ptr = cvPtrND(M, idx, &type, 0);
    return !ptr ? 0 : type == CV_32F ? *(float*)ptr : type == CV_64F ? *(double*)ptr : 0;
}

static void eraseValue(SparseMat& M, const int* idx, RNG& rng)
{
    int d = M.dims();
    size_t hv = 0, *phv = 0;
    if( (unsigned)rng % 2 )
    {
        hv = d == 2 ? M.hash(idx[0], idx[1]) :
        d == 3 ? M.hash(idx[0], idx[1], idx[2]) : M.hash(idx);
        phv = &hv;
    }

    if( d == 2 )
        M.erase(idx[0], idx[1], phv);
    else if( d == 3 )
        M.erase(idx[0], idx[1], idx[2], phv);
    else
        M.erase(idx, phv);
}

static void eraseValue(CvSparseMat* M, const int* idx)
{
    cvClearND(M, idx);
}

static void setValue(SparseMat& M, const int* idx, double value, RNG& rng)
{
    int d = M.dims();
    size_t hv = 0, *phv = 0;
    if( (unsigned)rng % 2 )
    {
        hv = d == 2 ? M.hash(idx[0], idx[1]) :
        d == 3 ? M.hash(idx[0], idx[1], idx[2]) : M.hash(idx);
        phv = &hv;
    }

    uchar* ptr = d == 2 ? M.ptr(idx[0], idx[1], true, phv) :
    d == 3 ? M.ptr(idx[0], idx[1], idx[2], true, phv) :
    M.ptr(idx, true, phv);
    if( M.type() == CV_32F )
        *(float*)ptr = (float)value;
    else if( M.type() == CV_64F )
        *(double*)ptr = value;
    else
        CV_Error(cv::Error::StsUnsupportedFormat, "");
}

#if defined(__GNUC__) && (__GNUC__ >= 11)
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Warray-bounds"
#endif

template<typename Pixel>
struct InitializerFunctor{
    /// Initializer for cv::Mat::forEach test
    void operator()(Pixel & pixel, const int * idx) const {
        pixel.x = idx[0];
        pixel.y = idx[1];
        pixel.z = idx[2];
    }
};

template<typename Pixel>
struct InitializerFunctor5D{
    /// Initializer for cv::Mat::forEach test (5 dimensional case)
    void operator()(Pixel & pixel, const int * idx) const {
        pixel[0] = idx[0];
        pixel[1] = idx[1];
        pixel[2] = idx[2];
        pixel[3] = idx[3];
        pixel[4] = idx[4];
    }
};

#if defined(__GNUC__) && (__GNUC__ == 11 || __GNUC__ == 12)
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
#endif


template<typename Pixel>
struct EmptyFunctor
{
    void operator()(const Pixel &, const int *) const {}
};


void Core_ArrayOpTest::run( int /* start_from */)
{
    int errcount = 0;

    // dense matrix operations
    {
        int sz3[] = {5, 10, 15};
        MatND A(3, sz3, CV_32F), B(3, sz3, CV_16SC4);
        CvMatND matA = cvMatND(A), matB = cvMatND(B);
        RNG rng;
        rng.fill(A, RNG::UNIFORM, Scalar::all(-10), Scalar::all(10));
        rng.fill(B, RNG::UNIFORM, Scalar::all(-10), Scalar::all(10));

        int idx0[] = {3,4,5}, idx1[] = {0, 9, 7};
        float val0 = 130;
        Scalar val1(-1000, 30, 3, 8);
        cvSetRealND(&matA, idx0, val0);
        cvSetReal3D(&matA, idx1[0], idx1[1], idx1[2], -val0);
        cvSetND(&matB, idx0, cvScalar(val1));
        cvSet3D(&matB, idx1[0], idx1[1], idx1[2], cvScalar(-val1));
        Ptr<CvMatND> matC(cvCloneMatND(&matB));

        if( A.at<float>(idx0[0], idx0[1], idx0[2]) != val0 ||
           A.at<float>(idx1[0], idx1[1], idx1[2]) != -val0 ||
           cvGetReal3D(&matA, idx0[0], idx0[1], idx0[2]) != val0 ||
           cvGetRealND(&matA, idx1) != -val0 ||

           Scalar(B.at<Vec4s>(idx0[0], idx0[1], idx0[2])) != val1 ||
           Scalar(B.at<Vec4s>(idx1[0], idx1[1], idx1[2])) != -val1 ||
           Scalar(cvGet3D(matC, idx0[0], idx0[1], idx0[2])) != val1 ||
           Scalar(cvGetND(matC, idx1)) != -val1 )
        {
            ts->printf(cvtest::TS::LOG, "one of cvSetReal3D, cvSetRealND, cvSet3D, cvSetND "
                       "or the corresponding *Get* functions is not correct\n");
            errcount++;
        }
    }
    // test cv::Mat::forEach
    {
        const int dims[3] = { 101, 107, 7 };
        typedef cv::Point3i Pixel;

        cv::Mat a = cv::Mat::zeros(3, dims, CV_32SC3);
        InitializerFunctor<Pixel> initializer;

        a.forEach<Pixel>(initializer);

        uint64 total = 0;
        bool error_reported = false;
        for (int i0 = 0; i0 < dims[0]; ++i0) {
            for (int i1 = 0; i1 < dims[1]; ++i1) {
                for (int i2 = 0; i2 < dims[2]; ++i2) {
                    Pixel& pixel = a.at<Pixel>(i0, i1, i2);
                    if (pixel.x != i0 || pixel.y != i1 || pixel.z != i2) {
                        if (!error_reported) {
                            ts->printf(cvtest::TS::LOG, "forEach is not correct.\n"
                                "First error detected at (%d, %d, %d).\n", pixel.x, pixel.y, pixel.z);
                            error_reported = true;
                        }
                        errcount++;
                    }
                    total += pixel.x;
                    total += pixel.y;
                    total += pixel.z;
                }
            }
        }
        uint64 total2 = 0;
        for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(dims) / sizeof(dims[0]); ++i) {
            total2 += ((dims[i] - 1) * dims[i] / 2) * dims[0] * dims[1] * dims[2] / dims[i];
        }
        if (total != total2) {
            ts->printf(cvtest::TS::LOG, "forEach is not correct because total is invalid.\n");
            errcount++;
        }
    }

    // test cv::Mat::forEach
    // with a matrix that has more dimensions than columns
    // See https://github.com/opencv/opencv/issues/8447
    {
        const int dims[5] = { 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 };
        typedef cv::Vec<int, 5> Pixel;

        cv::Mat a = cv::Mat::zeros(5, dims, CV_32SC(5));
        InitializerFunctor5D<Pixel> initializer;

        a.forEach<Pixel>(initializer);

        uint64 total = 0;
        bool error_reported = false;
        for (int i0 = 0; i0 < dims[0]; ++i0) {
            for (int i1 = 0; i1 < dims[1]; ++i1) {
                for (int i2 = 0; i2 < dims[2]; ++i2) {
                    for (int i3 = 0; i3 < dims[3]; ++i3) {
                        for (int i4 = 0; i4 < dims[4]; ++i4) {
                            const int i[5] = { i0, i1, i2, i3, i4 };
                            Pixel& pixel = a.at<Pixel>(i);
                            if (pixel[0] != i0 || pixel[1] != i1 || pixel[2] != i2 || pixel[3] != i3 || pixel[4] != i4) {
                                if (!error_reported) {
                                    ts->printf(cvtest::TS::LOG, "forEach is not correct.\n"
                                        "First error detected at position (%d, %d, %d, %d, %d), got value (%d, %d, %d, %d, %d).\n",
                                        i0, i1, i2, i3, i4,
                                        pixel[0], pixel[1], pixel[2], pixel[3], pixel[4]);
                                    error_reported = true;
                                }
                                errcount++;
                            }
                            total += pixel[0];
                            total += pixel[1];
                            total += pixel[2];
                            total += pixel[3];
                            total += pixel[4];
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        uint64 total2 = 0;
        for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(dims) / sizeof(dims[0]); ++i) {
            total2 += ((dims[i] - 1) * dims[i] / 2) * dims[0] * dims[1] * dims[2] * dims[3] * dims[4] / dims[i];
        }
        if (total != total2) {
            ts->printf(cvtest::TS::LOG, "forEach is not correct because total is invalid.\n");
            errcount++;
        }
    }

    // test const cv::Mat::forEach
    {
        const Mat a(10, 10, CV_32SC3);
        Mat b(10, 10, CV_32SC3);
        const Mat & c = b;
        a.forEach<Point3i>(EmptyFunctor<Point3i>());
        b.forEach<Point3i>(EmptyFunctor<const Point3i>());
        c.forEach<Point3i>(EmptyFunctor<Point3i>());
        // tests compilation, no runtime check is needed
    }

    RNG rng;
    const int MAX_DIM = 5, MAX_DIM_SZ = 10;
    // sparse matrix operations
    for( int si = 0; si < 10; si++ )
    {
        int depth = (unsigned)rng % 2 == 0 ? CV_32F : CV_64F;
        int dims = ((unsigned)rng % MAX_DIM) + 1;
        int i, k, size[MAX_DIM]={0}, idx[MAX_DIM]={0};
        vector<string> all_idxs;
        vector<double> all_vals;
        vector<double> all_vals2;
        string sidx, min_sidx, max_sidx;
        double min_val=0, max_val=0;

        int p = 1;
        for( k = 0; k < dims; k++ )
        {
            size[k] = ((unsigned)rng % MAX_DIM_SZ) + 1;
            p *= size[k];
        }
        SparseMat M( dims, size, depth );
        map<string, double> M0;

        int nz0 = (unsigned)rng % std::max(p/5,10);
        nz0 = std::min(std::max(nz0, 1), p);
        all_vals.resize(nz0);
        all_vals2.resize(nz0);
        Mat_<double> _all_vals(all_vals), _all_vals2(all_vals2);
        rng.fill(_all_vals, RNG::UNIFORM, Scalar(-1000), Scalar(1000));
        if( depth == CV_32F )
        {
            Mat _all_vals_f;
            _all_vals.convertTo(_all_vals_f, CV_32F);
            _all_vals_f.convertTo(_all_vals, CV_64F);
        }
        _all_vals.convertTo(_all_vals2, _all_vals2.type(), 2);
        if( depth == CV_32F )
        {
            Mat _all_vals2_f;
            _all_vals2.convertTo(_all_vals2_f, CV_32F);
            _all_vals2_f.convertTo(_all_vals2, CV_64F);
        }

        minMaxLoc(_all_vals, &min_val, &max_val);
        double _norm0 = cv/*test*/::norm(_all_vals, CV_C);
        double _norm1 = cv/*test*/::norm(_all_vals, CV_L1);
        double _norm2 = cv/*test*/::norm(_all_vals, CV_L2);

        for( i = 0; i < nz0; i++ )
        {
            for(;;)
            {
                for( k = 0; k < dims; k++ )
                    idx[k] = (unsigned)rng % size[k];
                sidx = idx2string(idx, dims);
                if( M0.count(sidx) == 0 )
                    break;
            }
            all_idxs.push_back(sidx);
            M0[sidx] = all_vals[i];
            if( all_vals[i] == min_val )
                min_sidx = sidx;
            if( all_vals[i] == max_val )
                max_sidx = sidx;
            setValue(M, idx, all_vals[i], rng);
            double v = getValue(M, idx, rng);
            if( v != all_vals[i] )
            {
                ts->printf(cvtest::TS::LOG, "%d. immediately after SparseMat[%s]=%.20g the current value is %.20g\n",
                           i, sidx.c_str(), all_vals[i], v);
                errcount++;
                break;
            }
        }

        Ptr<CvSparseMat> M2(cvCreateSparseMat(M));
        MatND Md;
        M.copyTo(Md);
        SparseMat M3; SparseMat(Md).convertTo(M3, Md.type(), 2);

        int nz1 = (int)M.nzcount(), nz2 = (int)M3.nzcount();
        double norm0 = cv/*test*/::norm(M, CV_C);
        double norm1 = cv/*test*/::norm(M, CV_L1);
        double norm2 = cv/*test*/::norm(M, CV_L2);
        double eps = depth == CV_32F ? FLT_EPSILON*100 : DBL_EPSILON*1000;

        if( nz1 != nz0 || nz2 != nz0)
        {
            errcount++;
            ts->printf(cvtest::TS::LOG, "%d: The number of non-zero elements before/after converting to/from dense matrix is not correct: %d/%d (while it should be %d)\n",
                       si, nz1, nz2, nz0 );
            break;
        }

        if( fabs(norm0 - _norm0) > fabs(_norm0)*eps ||
           fabs(norm1 - _norm1) > fabs(_norm1)*eps ||
           fabs(norm2 - _norm2) > fabs(_norm2)*eps )
        {
            errcount++;
            ts->printf(cvtest::TS::LOG, "%d: The norms are different: %.20g/%.20g/%.20g vs %.20g/%.20g/%.20g\n",
                       si, norm0, norm1, norm2, _norm0, _norm1, _norm2 );
            break;
        }

        int n = (unsigned)rng % std::max(p/5,10);
        n = std::min(std::max(n, 1), p) + nz0;

        for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )
        {
            double val1, val2, val3, val0;
            if(i < nz0)
            {
                sidx = all_idxs[i];
                string2idx(sidx, idx, dims);
                val0 = all_vals[i];
            }
            else
            {
                for( k = 0; k < dims; k++ )
                    idx[k] = (unsigned)rng % size[k];
                sidx = idx2string(idx, dims);
                val0 = M0[sidx];
            }
            val1 = getValue(M, idx, rng);
            val2 = getValue(M2, idx);
            val3 = getValue(M3, idx, rng);

            if( val1 != val0 || val2 != val0 || fabs(val3 - val0*2) > fabs(val0*2)*FLT_EPSILON )
            {
                errcount++;
                ts->printf(cvtest::TS::LOG, "SparseMat M[%s] = %g/%g/%g (while it should be %g)\n", sidx.c_str(), val1, val2, val3, val0 );
                break;
            }
        }

        for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )
        {
            double val1, val2;
            if(i < nz0)
            {
                sidx = all_idxs[i];
                string2idx(sidx, idx, dims);
            }
            else
            {
                for( k = 0; k < dims; k++ )
                    idx[k] = (unsigned)rng % size[k];
                sidx = idx2string(idx, dims);
            }
            eraseValue(M, idx, rng);
            eraseValue(M2, idx);
            val1 = getValue(M, idx, rng);
            val2 = getValue(M2, idx);
            if( val1 != 0 || val2 != 0 )
            {
                errcount++;
                ts->printf(cvtest::TS::LOG, "SparseMat: after deleting M[%s], it is =%g/%g (while it should be 0)\n", sidx.c_str(), val1, val2 );
                break;
            }
        }

        int nz = (int)M.nzcount();
        if( nz != 0 )
        {
            errcount++;
            ts->printf(cvtest::TS::LOG, "The number of non-zero elements after removing all the elements = %d (while it should be 0)\n", nz );
            break;
        }

        int idx1[MAX_DIM], idx2[MAX_DIM];
        double val1 = 0, val2 = 0;
        M3 = SparseMat(Md);
        cv::minMaxLoc(M3, &val1, &val2, idx1, idx2);
        string s1 = idx2string(idx1, dims), s2 = idx2string(idx2, dims);
        if( val1 != min_val || val2 != max_val || s1 != min_sidx || s2 != max_sidx )
        {
            errcount++;
            ts->printf(cvtest::TS::LOG, "%d. Sparse: The value and positions of minimum/maximum elements are different from the reference values and positions:\n\t"
                       "(%g, %g, %s, %s) vs (%g, %g, %s, %s)\n", si, val1, val2, s1.c_str(), s2.c_str(),
                       min_val, max_val, min_sidx.c_str(), max_sidx.c_str());
            break;
        }

        cv::minMaxIdx(Md, &val1, &val2, idx1, idx2);
        s1 = idx2string(idx1, dims), s2 = idx2string(idx2, dims);
        if( (min_val < 0 && (val1 != min_val || s1 != min_sidx)) ||
           (max_val > 0 && (val2 != max_val || s2 != max_sidx)) )
        {
            errcount++;
            ts->printf(cvtest::TS::LOG, "%d. Dense: The value and positions of minimum/maximum elements are different from the reference values and positions:\n\t"
                       "(%g, %g, %s, %s) vs (%g, %g, %s, %s)\n", si, val1, val2, s1.c_str(), s2.c_str(),
                       min_val, max_val, min_sidx.c_str(), max_sidx.c_str());
            break;
        }
    }

    ts->set_failed_test_info(errcount == 0 ? cvtest::TS::OK : cvtest::TS::FAIL_INVALID_OUTPUT);
}


template <class T>
int calcDiffElemCountImpl(const vector<Mat>& mv, const Mat& m)
{
    int diffElemCount = 0;
    const int mChannels = m.channels();
    for(int y = 0; y < m.rows; y++)
    {
        for(int x = 0; x < m.cols; x++)
        {
            const T* mElem = &m.at<T>(y, x*mChannels);
            size_t loc = 0;
            for(size_t i = 0; i < mv.size(); i++)
            {
                const size_t mvChannel = mv[i].channels();
                const T* mvElem = &mv[i].at<T>(y, x*(int)mvChannel);
                for(size_t li = 0; li < mvChannel; li++)
                    if(mElem[loc + li] != mvElem[li])
                        diffElemCount++;
                loc += mvChannel;
            }
            CV_Assert(loc == (size_t)mChannels);
        }
    }
    return diffElemCount;
}

static
int calcDiffElemCount(const vector<Mat>& mv, const Mat& m)
{
    int depth = m.depth();
    switch (depth)
    {
    case CV_8U:
        return calcDiffElemCountImpl<uchar>(mv, m);
    case CV_8S:
        return calcDiffElemCountImpl<char>(mv, m);
    case CV_16U:
        return calcDiffElemCountImpl<unsigned short>(mv, m);
    case CV_16S:
        return calcDiffElemCountImpl<short int>(mv, m);
    case CV_32S:
        return calcDiffElemCountImpl<int>(mv, m);
    case CV_32F:
        return calcDiffElemCountImpl<float>(mv, m);
    case CV_64F:
        return calcDiffElemCountImpl<double>(mv, m);
    }

    return INT_MAX;
}

class Core_MergeSplitBaseTest : public cvtest::BaseTest
{
protected:
    virtual int run_case(int depth, size_t channels, const Size& size, RNG& rng) = 0;

    virtual void run(int) CV_OVERRIDE
    {
        // m is Mat
        // mv is vector<Mat>
        const int minMSize = 1;
        const int maxMSize = 100;
        const size_t maxMvSize = 10;

        RNG& rng = theRNG();
        Size mSize(rng.uniform(minMSize, maxMSize), rng.uniform(minMSize, maxMSize));
        size_t mvSize = rng.uniform(1, maxMvSize);

        int res = cvtest::TS::OK;
        int curRes = run_case(CV_8U, mvSize, mSize, rng);
        res = curRes != cvtest::TS::OK ? curRes : res;

        curRes = run_case(CV_8S, mvSize, mSize, rng);
        res = curRes != cvtest::TS::OK ? curRes : res;

        curRes = run_case(CV_16U, mvSize, mSize, rng);
        res = curRes != cvtest::TS::OK ? curRes : res;

        curRes = run_case(CV_16S, mvSize, mSize, rng);
        res = curRes != cvtest::TS::OK ? curRes : res;

        curRes = run_case(CV_32S, mvSize, mSize, rng);
        res = curRes != cvtest::TS::OK ? curRes : res;

        curRes = run_case(CV_32F, mvSize, mSize, rng);
        res = curRes != cvtest::TS::OK ? curRes : res;

        curRes = run_case(CV_64F, mvSize, mSize, rng);
        res = curRes != cvtest::TS::OK ? curRes : res;

        ts->set_failed_test_info(res);
    }
};

class Core_MergeTest : public Core_MergeSplitBaseTest
{
public:
    Core_MergeTest() {}
    ~Core_MergeTest() {}

protected:
    virtual int run_case(int depth, size_t matCount, const Size& size, RNG& rng) CV_OVERRIDE
    {
        const int maxMatChannels = 10;

        vector<Mat> src(matCount);
        int channels = 0;
        for(size_t i = 0; i < src.size(); i++)
        {
            Mat m(size, CV_MAKETYPE(depth, rng.uniform(1,maxMatChannels)));
            rng.fill(m, RNG::UNIFORM, 0, 100, true);
            channels += m.channels();
            src[i] = m;
        }

        Mat dst;
        merge(src, dst);

        // check result
        std::stringstream commonLog;
        commonLog << "Depth " << depth << " :";
        if(dst.depth() != depth)
        {
            ts->printf(cvtest::TS::LOG, "%s incorrect depth of dst (%d instead of %d)\n",
                       commonLog.str().c_str(), dst.depth(), depth);
            return cvtest::TS::FAIL_INVALID_OUTPUT;
        }
        if(dst.size() != size)
        {
            ts->printf(cvtest::TS::LOG, "%s incorrect size of dst (%d x %d instead of %d x %d)\n",
                       commonLog.str().c_str(), dst.rows, dst.cols, size.height, size.width);
            return cvtest::TS::FAIL_INVALID_OUTPUT;
        }
        if(dst.channels() != channels)
        {
            ts->printf(cvtest::TS::LOG, "%s: incorrect channels count of dst (%d instead of %d)\n",
                       commonLog.str().c_str(), dst.channels(), channels);
            return cvtest::TS::FAIL_INVALID_OUTPUT;
        }

        int diffElemCount = calcDiffElemCount(src, dst);
        if(diffElemCount > 0)
        {
            ts->printf(cvtest::TS::LOG, "%s: there are incorrect elements in dst (part of them is %f)\n",
                       commonLog.str().c_str(), static_cast<float>(diffElemCount)/(channels*size.area()));
            return cvtest::TS::FAIL_INVALID_OUTPUT;
        }

        return cvtest::TS::OK;
    }
};

class Core_SplitTest : public Core_MergeSplitBaseTest
{
public:
    Core_SplitTest() {}
    ~Core_SplitTest() {}

protected:
    virtual int run_case(int depth, size_t channels, const Size& size, RNG& rng) CV_OVERRIDE
    {
        Mat src(size, CV_MAKETYPE(depth, (int)channels));
        rng.fill(src, RNG::UNIFORM, 0, 100, true);

        vector<Mat> dst;
        split(src, dst);

        // check result
        std::stringstream commonLog;
        commonLog << "Depth " << depth << " :";
        if(dst.size() != channels)
        {
            ts->printf(cvtest::TS::LOG, "%s incorrect count of matrices in dst (%d instead of %d)\n",
                       commonLog.str().c_str(), dst.size(), channels);
            return cvtest::TS::FAIL_INVALID_OUTPUT;
        }
        for(size_t i = 0; i < dst.size(); i++)
        {
            if(dst[i].size() != size)
            {
                ts->printf(cvtest::TS::LOG, "%s incorrect size of dst[%d] (%d x %d instead of %d x %d)\n",
                           commonLog.str().c_str(), i, dst[i].rows, dst[i].cols, size.height, size.width);
                return cvtest::TS::FAIL_INVALID_OUTPUT;
            }
            if(dst[i].depth() != depth)
            {
                ts->printf(cvtest::TS::LOG, "%s: incorrect depth of dst[%d] (%d instead of %d)\n",
                           commonLog.str().c_str(), i, dst[i].depth(), depth);
                return cvtest::TS::FAIL_INVALID_OUTPUT;
            }
            if(dst[i].channels() != 1)
            {
                ts->printf(cvtest::TS::LOG, "%s: incorrect channels count of dst[%d] (%d instead of %d)\n",
                           commonLog.str().c_str(), i, dst[i].channels(), 1);
                return cvtest::TS::FAIL_INVALID_OUTPUT;
            }
        }

        int diffElemCount = calcDiffElemCount(dst, src);
        if(diffElemCount > 0)
        {
            ts->printf(cvtest::TS::LOG, "%s: there are incorrect elements in dst (part of them is %f)\n",
                       commonLog.str().c_str(), static_cast<float>(diffElemCount)/(channels*size.area()));
            return cvtest::TS::FAIL_INVALID_OUTPUT;
        }

        return cvtest::TS::OK;
    }
};

TEST(Core_Reduce, accuracy) { Core_ReduceTest test; test.safe_run(); }
TEST(Core_Array, basic_operations) { Core_ArrayOpTest test; test.safe_run(); }

TEST(Core_Merge, shape_operations) { Core_MergeTest test; test.safe_run(); }
TEST(Core_Split, shape_operations) { Core_SplitTest test; test.safe_run(); }


TEST(Core_IOArray, submat_assignment)
{
    Mat1f A = Mat1f::zeros(2,2);
    Mat1f B = Mat1f::ones(1,3);

    EXPECT_THROW( B.colRange(0,3).copyTo(A.row(0)), cv::Exception );

    EXPECT_NO_THROW( B.colRange(0,2).copyTo(A.row(0)) );

    EXPECT_EQ( 1.0f, A(0,0) );
    EXPECT_EQ( 1.0f, A(0,1) );
}

void OutputArray_create1(OutputArray m) { m.create(1, 2, CV_32S); }
void OutputArray_create2(OutputArray m) { m.create(1, 3, CV_32F); }

TEST(Core_IOArray, submat_create)
{
    Mat1f A = Mat1f::zeros(2,2);

    EXPECT_THROW( OutputArray_create1(A.row(0)), cv::Exception );
    EXPECT_THROW( OutputArray_create2(A.row(0)), cv::Exception );
}

TEST(Core_Mat, issue4457_pass_null_ptr)
{
    ASSERT_ANY_THROW(cv::Mat mask(45, 45, CV_32F, 0));
}

TEST(Core_Mat, reshape_1942)
{
    cv::Mat A = (cv::Mat_<float>(2,3) << 3.4884074, 1.4159607, 0.78737736,  2.3456569, -0.88010466, 0.3009364);
    int cn = 0;
    ASSERT_NO_THROW(
        cv::Mat_<float> M = A.reshape(3);
        cn = M.channels();
    );
    ASSERT_EQ(1, cn);
}

static void check_ndim_shape(const cv::Mat &mat, int cn, int ndims, const int *sizes)
{
    EXPECT_EQ(mat.channels(), cn);
    EXPECT_EQ(mat.dims, ndims);

    if (mat.dims != ndims)
        return;

    for (int i = 0; i < ndims; i++)
        EXPECT_EQ(mat.size[i], sizes[i]);
}

TEST(Core_Mat, reshape_ndims_2)
{
    const cv::Mat A(8, 16, CV_8UC3);
    cv::Mat B;

    {
        int new_sizes_mask[] = { 0, 3, 4, 4 };
        int new_sizes_real[] = { 8, 3, 4, 4 };
        ASSERT_NO_THROW(B = A.reshape(1, 4, new_sizes_mask));
        check_ndim_shape(B, 1, 4, new_sizes_real);
    }
    {
        int new_sizes[] = { 16, 8 };
        ASSERT_NO_THROW(B = A.reshape(0, 2, new_sizes));
        check_ndim_shape(B, 3, 2, new_sizes);
        EXPECT_EQ(B.rows, new_sizes[0]);
        EXPECT_EQ(B.cols, new_sizes[1]);
    }
    {
        int new_sizes[] = { 2, 5, 1, 3 };
        cv::Mat A_sliced = A(cv::Range::all(), cv::Range(0, 15));
        ASSERT_ANY_THROW(A_sliced.reshape(4, 4, new_sizes));
    }
}

TEST(Core_Mat, reshape_ndims_4)
{
    const int sizes[] = { 2, 6, 4, 12 };
    const cv::Mat A(4, sizes, CV_8UC3);
    cv::Mat B;

    {
        int new_sizes_mask[] = { 0, 864 };
        int new_sizes_real[] = { 2, 864 };
        ASSERT_NO_THROW(B = A.reshape(1, 2, new_sizes_mask));
        check_ndim_shape(B, 1, 2, new_sizes_real);
        EXPECT_EQ(B.rows, new_sizes_real[0]);
        EXPECT_EQ(B.cols, new_sizes_real[1]);
    }
    {
        int new_sizes_mask[] = { 4, 0, 0, 2, 3 };
        int new_sizes_real[] = { 4, 6, 4, 2, 3 };
        ASSERT_NO_THROW(B = A.reshape(0, 5, new_sizes_mask));
        check_ndim_shape(B, 3, 5, new_sizes_real);
    }
    {
        int new_sizes_mask[] = { 1, 1 };
        ASSERT_ANY_THROW(A.reshape(0, 2, new_sizes_mask));
    }
    {
        int new_sizes_mask[] = { 4, 6, 3, 3, 0 };
        ASSERT_ANY_THROW(A.reshape(0, 5, new_sizes_mask));
    }
}

TEST(Core_Mat, reinterpret_Mat_8UC3_8SC3)
{
    cv::Mat A(8, 16, CV_8UC3, cv::Scalar(1, 2, 3));
    cv::Mat B = A.reinterpret(CV_8SC3);

    EXPECT_EQ(A.data, B.data);
    EXPECT_EQ(B.type(), CV_8SC3);
}

TEST(Core_Mat, reinterpret_Mat_8UC4_32FC1)
{
    cv::Mat A(8, 16, CV_8UC4, cv::Scalar(1, 2, 3, 4));
    cv::Mat B = A.reinterpret(CV_32FC1);

    EXPECT_EQ(A.data, B.data);
    EXPECT_EQ(B.type(), CV_32FC1);
}

TEST(Core_Mat, reinterpret_OutputArray_8UC3_8SC3) {
    cv::Mat A(8, 16, CV_8UC3, cv::Scalar(1, 2, 3));
    cv::OutputArray C(A);
    cv::Mat B = C.reinterpret(CV_8SC3);

    EXPECT_EQ(A.data, B.data);
    EXPECT_EQ(B.type(), CV_8SC3);
}

TEST(Core_Mat, reinterpret_OutputArray_8UC4_32FC1) {
    cv::Mat A(8, 16, CV_8UC4, cv::Scalar(1, 2, 3, 4));
    cv::OutputArray C(A);
    cv::Mat B = C.reinterpret(CV_32FC1);

    EXPECT_EQ(A.data, B.data);
    EXPECT_EQ(B.type(), CV_32FC1);
}

TEST(Core_Mat, push_back)
{
    Mat a = (Mat_<float>(1,2) << 3.4884074f, 1.4159607f);
    Mat b = (Mat_<float>(1,2) << 0.78737736f, 2.3456569f);

    a.push_back(b);

    ASSERT_EQ(2, a.cols);
    ASSERT_EQ(2, a.rows);

    ASSERT_FLOAT_EQ(3.4884074f, a.at<float>(0, 0));
    ASSERT_FLOAT_EQ(1.4159607f, a.at<float>(0, 1));
    ASSERT_FLOAT_EQ(0.78737736f, a.at<float>(1, 0));
    ASSERT_FLOAT_EQ(2.3456569f, a.at<float>(1, 1));

    Mat c = (Mat_<float>(2,2) << -0.88010466f, 0.3009364f, 2.22399974f, -5.45933905f);

    ASSERT_EQ(c.rows, a.cols);

    a.push_back(c.t());

    ASSERT_EQ(2, a.cols);
    ASSERT_EQ(4, a.rows);

    ASSERT_FLOAT_EQ(3.4884074f, a.at<float>(0, 0));
    ASSERT_FLOAT_EQ(1.4159607f, a.at<float>(0, 1));
    ASSERT_FLOAT_EQ(0.78737736f, a.at<float>(1, 0));
    ASSERT_FLOAT_EQ(2.3456569f, a.at<float>(1, 1));
    ASSERT_FLOAT_EQ(-0.88010466f, a.at<float>(2, 0));
    ASSERT_FLOAT_EQ(2.22399974f, a.at<float>(2, 1));
    ASSERT_FLOAT_EQ(0.3009364f, a.at<float>(3, 0));
    ASSERT_FLOAT_EQ(-5.45933905f, a.at<float>(3, 1));

    a.push_back(Mat::ones(2, 2, CV_32FC1));

    ASSERT_EQ(6, a.rows);

    for(int row=4; row<a.rows; row++) {

        for(int col=0; col<a.cols; col++) {

            ASSERT_FLOAT_EQ(1.f, a.at<float>(row, col));
        }
    }
}

TEST(Core_Mat, copyToConvertTo_Empty)
{
    cv::Mat A(0, 0, CV_16SC2), B, C;
    A.copyTo(B);
    ASSERT_EQ(A.type(), B.type());
    A.convertTo(C, CV_32SC2);
    ASSERT_EQ(C.type(), CV_32SC2);
}

// Regression test for https://github.com/opencv/opencv/issues/28343
// copyTo on empty fixed-type matrices should be a no-op and succeed
template <typename T> class Core_Mat_copyTo : public testing::Test {};
TYPED_TEST_CASE_P(Core_Mat_copyTo);

TYPED_TEST_P(Core_Mat_copyTo, EmptyFixedType)
{
    cv::Mat_<TypeParam> a;
    cv::Mat_<TypeParam> b;
    EXPECT_NO_THROW(a.copyTo(b));
    EXPECT_TRUE(b.empty());
    // Verify type is still consistent after copyTo
    EXPECT_EQ(b.type(), cv::traits::Type<TypeParam>::value);
}

REGISTER_TYPED_TEST_CASE_P(Core_Mat_copyTo, EmptyFixedType);
typedef ::testing::Types<uchar, schar, ushort, short, int, float, double> AllMatDepths;
INSTANTIATE_TYPED_TEST_CASE_P(CopyToTest, Core_Mat_copyTo, AllMatDepths);

TEST(Core_Mat, copyNx1ToVector)
{
    cv::Mat_<uchar> src(5, 1);
    cv::Mat_<uchar> ref_dst8;
    cv::Mat_<ushort> ref_dst16;
    std::vector<uchar> dst8;
    std::vector<ushort> dst16;

    src << 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;

    src.copyTo(ref_dst8);
    src.copyTo(dst8);

    ASSERT_PRED_FORMAT2(cvtest::MatComparator(0, 0), ref_dst8, cv::Mat_<uchar>(dst8));

    src.convertTo(ref_dst16, CV_16U);
    src.convertTo(dst16, CV_16U);

    ASSERT_PRED_FORMAT2(cvtest::MatComparator(0, 0), ref_dst16, cv::Mat_<ushort>(dst16));
}

TEST(Core_Mat, copyMakeBoderUndefinedBehavior)
{
    Mat1b src(4, 4), dst;
    randu(src, Scalar(10), Scalar(100));
    // This could trigger a (signed int)*size_t operation which is undefined behavior.
    cv::copyMakeBorder(src, dst, 1, 1, 1, 1, cv::BORDER_REFLECT_101);
    EXPECT_EQ(0, cv::norm(src.row(1), dst(Rect(1,0,4,1))));
    EXPECT_EQ(0, cv::norm(src.row(2), dst(Rect(1,5,4,1))));
    EXPECT_EQ(0, cv::norm(src.col(1), dst(Rect(0,1,1,4))));
    EXPECT_EQ(0, cv::norm(src.col(2), dst(Rect(5,1,1,4))));
}

TEST(Core_Mat, zeros)
{
  // Should not fail during linkage.
  const int dims[] = {2, 2, 4};
  cv::Mat1f mat = cv::Mat1f::zeros(3, dims);
}

TEST(Core_Matx, fromMat_)
{
    Mat_<double> a = (Mat_<double>(2,2) << 10, 11, 12, 13);
    Matx22d b(a);
    ASSERT_EQ( cvtest::norm(a, b, NORM_INF), 0.);
}

TEST(Core_Matx, from_initializer_list)
{
    Mat_<double> a = (Mat_<double>(2,2) << 10, 11, 12, 13);
    Matx22d b = {10, 11, 12, 13};
    ASSERT_EQ( cvtest::norm(a, b, NORM_INF), 0.);
    Mat_<double> c({2, 2}, {10, 11, 12, 13});
    ASSERT_EQ( cvtest::norm(c, b, NORM_INF), 0.);
}

TEST(Core_Mat, regression_9507)
{
    cv::Mat m = Mat::zeros(5, 5, CV_8UC3);
    cv::Mat m2{m};
    EXPECT_EQ(25u, m2.total());
}

TEST(Core_Mat, empty)
{
    // Should not crash.
    uint8_t data[2] = {0, 1};
    cv::Mat mat_nd(/*ndims=*/0, /*sizes=*/nullptr, CV_8UC1, /*data=*/data);
    cv::Mat1b mat(0, 0, /*data=*/data, /*steps=*/1);
    EXPECT_EQ(mat_nd.dims, 0);
    EXPECT_EQ(mat.dims, 2);
#if CV_VERSION_MAJOR < 5
    EXPECT_LE(mat_nd.total(), 0u);
    EXPECT_TRUE(mat_nd.empty());
#else
    EXPECT_LE(mat_nd.total(), 1u);
    EXPECT_FALSE(mat_nd.empty());
#endif
    EXPECT_EQ(mat.total(), 0u);
    EXPECT_TRUE(mat.empty());
}

TEST(Core_InputArray, empty)
{
    vector<vector<Point> > data;
    ASSERT_TRUE( _InputArray(data).empty() );
}

TEST(Core_InputArray, convert_from_vector_over2GB)
{
    applyTestTag(CV_TEST_TAG_MEMORY_6GB);
    // empty buffer more than 2GB size
    std::vector<uint8_t> buf(size_t(INT_MAX) + 4096);
    EXPECT_ANY_THROW(auto work = _InputArray(buf));
}

TEST(Core_CopyMask, bug1918)
{
    Mat_<unsigned char> tmpSrc(100,100);
    tmpSrc = 124;
    Mat_<unsigned char> tmpMask(100,100);
    tmpMask = 255;
    Mat_<unsigned char> tmpDst(100,100);
    tmpDst = 2;
    tmpSrc.copyTo(tmpDst,tmpMask);
    ASSERT_EQ(sum(tmpDst)[0], 124*100*100);
}

TEST(Core_SVD, orthogonality)
{
    for( int i = 0; i < 2; i++ )
    {
        int type = i == 0 ? CV_32F : CV_64F;
        Mat mat_D(2, 2, type);
        mat_D.setTo(88.);
        Mat mat_U, mat_W;
        SVD::compute(mat_D, mat_W, mat_U, noArray(), SVD::FULL_UV);
        mat_U *= mat_U.t();
        ASSERT_LT(cvtest::norm(mat_U, Mat::eye(2, 2, type), NORM_INF), 1e-5);
    }
}


TEST(Core_SparseMat, footprint)
{
    int n = 1000000;
    int sz[] = { n, n };
    SparseMat m(2, sz, CV_64F);

    int nodeSize0 = (int)m.hdr->nodeSize;
    double dataSize0 = ((double)m.hdr->pool.size() + (double)m.hdr->hashtab.size()*sizeof(size_t))*1e-6;
    printf("before: node size=%d bytes, data size=%.0f Mbytes\n", nodeSize0, dataSize0);

    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
    {
        m.ref<double>(i, i) = 1;
    }

    double dataSize1 = ((double)m.hdr->pool.size() + (double)m.hdr->hashtab.size()*sizeof(size_t))*1e-6;
    double threshold = (n*nodeSize0*1.6 + n*2.*sizeof(size_t))*1e-6;
    printf("after: data size=%.0f Mbytes, threshold=%.0f MBytes\n", dataSize1, threshold);

    ASSERT_LE((int)m.hdr->nodeSize, 32);
    ASSERT_LE(dataSize1, threshold);
}


// Can't fix without dirty hacks or broken user code (PR #4159)
TEST(Core_Mat_vector, DISABLED_OutputArray_create_getMat)
{
    cv::Mat_<uchar> src_base(5, 1);
    std::vector<uchar> dst8;

    src_base << 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;

    Mat src(src_base);
    OutputArray _dst(dst8);
    {
        _dst.create(src.rows, src.cols, src.type());
        Mat dst = _dst.getMat();
        EXPECT_EQ(src.dims, dst.dims);
        EXPECT_EQ(src.cols, dst.cols);
        EXPECT_EQ(src.rows, dst.rows);
    }
}

TEST(Core_Mat_vector, copyTo_roi_column)
{
    cv::Mat_<uchar> src_base(5, 2);
    std::vector<uchar> dst1;

    src_base << 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10;

    Mat src_full(src_base);
    Mat src(src_full.col(0));
#if 0 // Can't fix without dirty hacks or broken user code (PR #4159)
    OutputArray _dst(dst1);
    {
        _dst.create(src.rows, src.cols, src.type());
        Mat dst = _dst.getMat();
        EXPECT_EQ(src.dims, dst.dims);
        EXPECT_EQ(src.cols, dst.cols);
        EXPECT_EQ(src.rows, dst.rows);
    }
#endif

    std::vector<uchar> dst2;
    src.copyTo(dst2);
    std::cout << "src = " << src << std::endl;
    std::cout << "dst = " << Mat(dst2) << std::endl;
    EXPECT_EQ((size_t)5, dst2.size());
    EXPECT_EQ(1, (int)dst2[0]);
    EXPECT_EQ(3, (int)dst2[1]);
    EXPECT_EQ(5, (int)dst2[2]);
    EXPECT_EQ(7, (int)dst2[3]);
    EXPECT_EQ(9, (int)dst2[4]);
}

TEST(Core_Mat_vector, copyTo_roi_row)
{
    cv::Mat_<uchar> src_base(2, 5);
    std::vector<uchar> dst1;

    src_base << 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10;

    Mat src_full(src_base);
    Mat src(src_full.row(0));
    OutputArray _dst(dst1);
    {
        _dst.create(src.rows, src.cols, src.type());
        Mat dst = _dst.getMat();
        EXPECT_EQ(src.dims, dst.dims);
        EXPECT_EQ(src.cols, dst.cols);
        EXPECT_EQ(src.rows, dst.rows);
    }

    std::vector<uchar> dst2;
    src.copyTo(dst2);
    std::cout << "src = " << src << std::endl;
    std::cout << "dst = " << Mat(dst2) << std::endl;
    EXPECT_EQ((size_t)5, dst2.size());
    EXPECT_EQ(1, (int)dst2[0]);
    EXPECT_EQ(2, (int)dst2[1]);
    EXPECT_EQ(3, (int)dst2[2]);
    EXPECT_EQ(4, (int)dst2[3]);
    EXPECT_EQ(5, (int)dst2[4]);
}

TEST(Mat, regression_5991)
{
    int sz[] = {2,3,2};
    Mat mat(3, sz, CV_32F, Scalar(1));
    ASSERT_NO_THROW(mat.convertTo(mat, CV_8U));
    EXPECT_EQ(sz[0], mat.size[0]);
    EXPECT_EQ(sz[1], mat.size[1]);
    EXPECT_EQ(sz[2], mat.size[2]);
    EXPECT_EQ(0, cvtest::norm(mat, Mat(3, sz, CV_8U, Scalar(1)), NORM_INF));
}

TEST(Mat, regression_9720)
{
    Mat mat(1, 1, CV_32FC1);
    mat.at<float>(0) = 1.f;
    const float a = 0.1f;
    Mat me1 = (Mat)(mat.mul((a / mat)));
    Mat me2 = (Mat)(mat.mul((Mat)(a / mat)));
    Mat me3 = (Mat)(mat.mul((a * mat)));
    Mat me4 = (Mat)(mat.mul((Mat)(a * mat)));
    EXPECT_EQ(me1.at<float>(0), me2.at<float>(0));
    EXPECT_EQ(me3.at<float>(0), me4.at<float>(0));
}

#ifdef OPENCV_TEST_BIGDATA
TEST(Mat, regression_6696_BigData_8Gb)
{
    int width = 60000;
    int height = 10000;

    Mat destImageBGR = Mat(height, width, CV_8UC3, Scalar(1, 2, 3, 0));
    Mat destImageA = Mat(height, width, CV_8UC1, Scalar::all(4));

    vector<Mat> planes;
    split(destImageBGR, planes);
    planes.push_back(destImageA);
    merge(planes, destImageBGR);

    EXPECT_EQ(1, destImageBGR.at<Vec4b>(0)[0]);
    EXPECT_EQ(2, destImageBGR.at<Vec4b>(0)[1]);
    EXPECT_EQ(3, destImageBGR.at<Vec4b>(0)[2]);
    EXPECT_EQ(4, destImageBGR.at<Vec4b>(0)[3]);

    EXPECT_EQ(1, destImageBGR.at<Vec4b>(height-1, width-1)[0]);
    EXPECT_EQ(2, destImageBGR.at<Vec4b>(height-1, width-1)[1]);
    EXPECT_EQ(3, destImageBGR.at<Vec4b>(height-1, width-1)[2]);
    EXPECT_EQ(4, destImageBGR.at<Vec4b>(height-1, width-1)[3]);
}
#endif

TEST(Reduce, regression_should_fail_bug_4594)
{
    cv::Mat src = cv::Mat::eye(4, 4, CV_8U);
    std::vector<int> dst;

    EXPECT_THROW(cv::reduce(src, dst, 0, REDUCE_MIN, CV_32S), cv::Exception);
    EXPECT_THROW(cv::reduce(src, dst, 0, REDUCE_MAX, CV_32S), cv::Exception);
    EXPECT_NO_THROW(cv::reduce(src, dst, 0, REDUCE_SUM, CV_32S));
    EXPECT_NO_THROW(cv::reduce(src, dst, 0, REDUCE_AVG, CV_32S));
    EXPECT_NO_THROW(cv::reduce(src, dst, 0, REDUCE_SUM2, CV_32S));
}

TEST(Mat, push_back_vector)
{
    cv::Mat result(1, 5, CV_32FC1);

    std::vector<float> vec1(result.cols + 1);
    std::vector<int> vec2(result.cols);

    EXPECT_THROW(result.push_back(vec1), cv::Exception);
    EXPECT_THROW(result.push_back(vec2), cv::Exception);

    vec1.resize(result.cols);

    for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i)
        result.push_back(cv::Mat(vec1).reshape(1, 1));

    ASSERT_EQ(6, result.rows);
}

TEST(Mat, regression_5917_clone_empty)
{
    Mat cloned;
    Mat_<Point2f> source(5, 0);

    ASSERT_NO_THROW(cloned = source.clone());
}

TEST(Mat, regression_7873_mat_vector_initialize)
{
    std::vector<int> dims;
    dims.push_back(12);
    dims.push_back(3);
    dims.push_back(2);
    Mat multi_mat(dims, CV_32FC1, cv::Scalar(0));

    ASSERT_EQ(3, multi_mat.dims);
    ASSERT_EQ(12, multi_mat.size[0]);
    ASSERT_EQ(3, multi_mat.size[1]);
    ASSERT_EQ(2, multi_mat.size[2]);

    std::vector<Range> ranges;
    ranges.push_back(Range(1, 2));
    ranges.push_back(Range::all());
    ranges.push_back(Range::all());
    Mat sub_mat = multi_mat(ranges);

    ASSERT_EQ(3, sub_mat.dims);
    ASSERT_EQ(1, sub_mat.size[0]);
    ASSERT_EQ(3, sub_mat.size[1]);
    ASSERT_EQ(2, sub_mat.size[2]);
}

TEST(Mat, regression_10507_mat_setTo)
{
    Size sz(6, 4);
    Mat test_mask(sz, CV_8UC1, cv::Scalar::all(255));
    test_mask.at<uchar>(1,0) = 0;
    test_mask.at<uchar>(0,1) = 0;
    for (int cn = 1; cn <= 4; cn++)
    {
        cv::Mat A(sz, CV_MAKE_TYPE(CV_32F, cn), cv::Scalar::all(5));
        A.setTo(cv::Scalar::all(std::numeric_limits<float>::quiet_NaN()), test_mask);
        int nans = 0;
        for (int y = 0; y < A.rows; y++)
        {
            for (int x = 0; x < A.cols; x++)
            {
                for (int c = 0; c < cn; c++)
                {
                    float v = A.ptr<float>(y, x)[c];
                    nans += (v == v) ? 0 : 1;
                }
            }
        }
        EXPECT_EQ(nans, cn * (sz.area() - 2)) << "A=" << A << std::endl << "mask=" << test_mask << std::endl;
    }
}

TEST(Core_Mat_array, outputArray_create_getMat)
{
    cv::Mat_<uchar> src_base(5, 1);
    std::array<uchar, 5> dst8;

    src_base << 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;

    Mat src(src_base);
    OutputArray _dst(dst8);

    {
        _dst.create(src.rows, src.cols, src.type());
        Mat dst = _dst.getMat();
        EXPECT_EQ(src.dims, dst.dims);
        EXPECT_EQ(src.cols, dst.cols);
        EXPECT_EQ(src.rows, dst.rows);
    }
}

TEST(Core_Mat_array, copyTo_roi_column)
{
    cv::Mat_<uchar> src_base(5, 2);

    src_base << 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10;

    Mat src_full(src_base);
    Mat src(src_full.col(0));

    std::array<uchar, 5> dst1;
    src.copyTo(dst1);
    std::cout << "src = " << src << std::endl;
    std::cout << "dst = " << Mat(dst1) << std::endl;
    EXPECT_EQ((size_t)5, dst1.size());
    EXPECT_EQ(1, (int)dst1[0]);
    EXPECT_EQ(3, (int)dst1[1]);
    EXPECT_EQ(5, (int)dst1[2]);
    EXPECT_EQ(7, (int)dst1[3]);
    EXPECT_EQ(9, (int)dst1[4]);
}

TEST(Core_Mat_array, copyTo_roi_row)
{
    cv::Mat_<uchar> src_base(2, 5);
    std::array<uchar, 5> dst1;

    src_base << 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10;

    Mat src_full(src_base);
    Mat src(src_full.row(0));
    OutputArray _dst(dst1);
    {
        _dst.create(5, 1, src.type());
        Mat dst = _dst.getMat();
        EXPECT_EQ(src.dims, dst.dims);
        EXPECT_EQ(1, dst.cols);
        EXPECT_EQ(5, dst.rows);
    }

    std::array<uchar, 5> dst2;
    src.copyTo(dst2);
    std::cout << "src = " << src << std::endl;
    std::cout << "dst = " << Mat(dst2) << std::endl;
    EXPECT_EQ(1, (int)dst2[0]);
    EXPECT_EQ(2, (int)dst2[1]);
    EXPECT_EQ(3, (int)dst2[2]);
    EXPECT_EQ(4, (int)dst2[3]);
    EXPECT_EQ(5, (int)dst2[4]);
}

typedef testing::TestWithParam< tuple<int, perf::MatType> > Core_Mat_arrays;

TEST_P(Core_Mat_arrays, SplitMerge)
{
    int cn =  get<0>(GetParam());
    int type =  get<1>(GetParam());
    std::vector<cv::Mat> src(cn);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < src.size(); ++i)
    {
        src[i] = Mat(10, 10, type, Scalar((double)(16 * (i + 1))));
    }

    Mat merged;
    merge(src, merged);

    std::vector<cv::Mat> dst(cn);
    split(merged, dst);

    for (size_t i = 0; i < dst.size(); ++i)
    {
        EXPECT_EQ(0, cvtest::norm(src[i], dst[i], NORM_INF));
    }
}

INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(/*nothing*/, Core_Mat_arrays, testing::Combine(
    testing::Range(1, 9),
    testing::Values(
        perf::MatType(CV_8U),
        perf::MatType(CV_16U),
        perf::MatType(CV_32S),
        perf::MatType(CV_64F)
    )
)
);

TEST(Mat, regression_8680)
{
   Mat_<Point2i> mat(3,1);
   ASSERT_EQ(mat.channels(), 2);
   mat.release();
   ASSERT_EQ(mat.channels(), 2);
}

TEST(Mat_, range_based_for)
{
    Mat_<uchar> img = Mat_<uchar>::zeros(3, 3);

    for(auto& pixel : img)
    {
        pixel = 1;
    }

    Mat_<uchar> ref(3, 3);
    ref.setTo(Scalar(1));
    ASSERT_DOUBLE_EQ(cvtest::norm(img, ref, NORM_INF), 0.);
}

TEST(Mat, from_initializer_list)
{
    Mat A({1.f, 2.f, 3.f});
    Mat_<float> B(3, 1); B << 1, 2, 3;
    Mat_<float> C({3}, {1,2,3});

    ASSERT_EQ(A.type(), CV_32F);
    ASSERT_DOUBLE_EQ(cvtest::norm(A, B, NORM_INF), 0.);
    ASSERT_DOUBLE_EQ(cvtest::norm(A, C, NORM_INF), 0.);
    ASSERT_DOUBLE_EQ(cvtest::norm(B, C, NORM_INF), 0.);

    auto D = Mat_<double>({2, 3}, {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6});
    EXPECT_EQ(2, D.rows);
    EXPECT_EQ(3, D.cols);

    double angle = 30, a = cos(angle*CV_PI/180), b = sin(angle*CV_PI/180);
    Mat R({2, 2}, {a, -b, b, a});
    ASSERT_EQ(CV_64FC1, R.type());
    ASSERT_EQ(cv::Size(2, 2), R.size());
}

TEST(Mat_, from_initializer_list)
{
    Mat_<float> A = {1, 2, 3};
    Mat_<float> B(3, 1); B << 1, 2, 3;
    Mat_<float> C({3}, {1,2,3});

    ASSERT_DOUBLE_EQ(cvtest::norm(A, B, NORM_INF), 0.);
    ASSERT_DOUBLE_EQ(cvtest::norm(A, C, NORM_INF), 0.);
    ASSERT_DOUBLE_EQ(cvtest::norm(B, C, NORM_INF), 0.);

    double angle = 30, a = cos(angle*CV_PI/180), b = sin(angle*CV_PI/180);
    Mat_<double> R({2, 2}, {a, -b, b, a});
    ASSERT_EQ(CV_64FC1, R.type());
    ASSERT_EQ(cv::Size(2, 2), R.size());
}


TEST(Mat, template_based_ptr)
{
    Mat mat = (Mat_<float>(2, 2) << 11.0f, 22.0f, 33.0f, 44.0f);
    int idx[2] = {1, 0};
    ASSERT_FLOAT_EQ(33.0f, *(mat.ptr<float>(idx)));
    idx[0] = 1;
    idx[1] = 1;
    ASSERT_FLOAT_EQ(44.0f, *(mat.ptr<float>(idx)));
}

TEST(Mat_, template_based_ptr)
{
    int dim[4] = {2, 2, 1, 2};
    Mat_<float> mat = (Mat_<float>(4, dim) << 11.0f, 22.0f, 33.0f, 44.0f,
                                              55.0f, 66.0f, 77.0f, 88.0f);
    int idx[4] = {1, 0, 0, 1};
    ASSERT_FLOAT_EQ(66.0f, *(mat.ptr<float>(idx)));
}


BIGDATA_TEST(Mat, push_back_regression_4158)  // memory usage: ~10.6 Gb
{
    Mat result;

    Mat tail(100, 500000, CV_32FC2, Scalar(1, 2));

    tail.copyTo(result);
    for (int i = 1; i < 15; i++)
    {
        result.push_back(tail);
        std::cout << "i = " << i << "  result = " << result.size() << "   used = " << (uint64)result.total()*result.elemSize()*(1.0 / (1 << 20)) << " Mb"
            << "   allocated=" << (uint64)(result.datalimit - result.datastart)*(1.0 / (1 << 20)) << " Mb" << std::endl;
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < 15; i++)
    {
        Rect roi(0, tail.rows * i, tail.cols, tail.rows);
        int nz = countNonZero(result(roi).reshape(1) == 2);
        EXPECT_EQ(tail.total(), (size_t)nz) << "i=" << i;
    }
}


TEST(Core_Merge, hang_12171)
{
    Mat src1(4, 24, CV_8UC1, Scalar::all(1));
    Mat src2(4, 24, CV_8UC1, Scalar::all(2));
    Rect src_roi(0, 0, 23, 4);
    Mat src_channels[2] = { src1(src_roi), src2(src_roi) };
    Mat dst(4, 24, CV_8UC2, Scalar::all(5));
    Rect dst_roi(1, 0, 23, 4);
    cv::merge(src_channels, 2, dst(dst_roi));
    EXPECT_EQ(5, dst.ptr<uchar>()[0]);
    EXPECT_EQ(5, dst.ptr<uchar>()[1]);
    EXPECT_EQ(1, dst.ptr<uchar>()[2]);
    EXPECT_EQ(2, dst.ptr<uchar>()[3]);
    EXPECT_EQ(5, dst.ptr<uchar>(1)[0]);
    EXPECT_EQ(5, dst.ptr<uchar>(1)[1]);
    EXPECT_EQ(1, dst.ptr<uchar>(1)[2]);
    EXPECT_EQ(2, dst.ptr<uchar>(1)[3]);
}

TEST(Core_Split, hang_12171)
{
    Mat src(4, 24, CV_8UC2, Scalar(1,2,3,4));
    Rect src_roi(0, 0, 23, 4);
    Mat dst1(4, 24, CV_8UC1, Scalar::all(5));
    Mat dst2(4, 24, CV_8UC1, Scalar::all(10));
    Rect dst_roi(0, 0, 23, 4);
    Mat dst[2] = { dst1(dst_roi), dst2(dst_roi) };
    cv::split(src(src_roi), dst);
    EXPECT_EQ(1, dst1.ptr<uchar>()[0]);
    EXPECT_EQ(1, dst1.ptr<uchar>()[1]);
    EXPECT_EQ(2, dst2.ptr<uchar>()[0]);
    EXPECT_EQ(2, dst2.ptr<uchar>()[1]);
    EXPECT_EQ(1, dst1.ptr<uchar>(1)[0]);
    EXPECT_EQ(1, dst1.ptr<uchar>(1)[1]);
    EXPECT_EQ(2, dst2.ptr<uchar>(1)[0]);
    EXPECT_EQ(2, dst2.ptr<uchar>(1)[1]);
}

TEST(Core_Split, crash_12171)
{
    Mat src(4, 40, CV_8UC2, Scalar(1,2,3,4));
    Rect src_roi(0, 0, 39, 4);
    Mat dst1(4, 40, CV_8UC1, Scalar::all(5));
    Mat dst2(4, 40, CV_8UC1, Scalar::all(10));
    Rect dst_roi(0, 0, 39, 4);
    Mat dst[2] = { dst1(dst_roi), dst2(dst_roi) };
    cv::split(src(src_roi), dst);
    EXPECT_EQ(1, dst1.ptr<uchar>()[0]);
    EXPECT_EQ(1, dst1.ptr<uchar>()[1]);
    EXPECT_EQ(2, dst2.ptr<uchar>()[0]);
    EXPECT_EQ(2, dst2.ptr<uchar>()[1]);
    EXPECT_EQ(1, dst1.ptr<uchar>(1)[0]);
    EXPECT_EQ(1, dst1.ptr<uchar>(1)[1]);
    EXPECT_EQ(2, dst2.ptr<uchar>(1)[0]);
    EXPECT_EQ(2, dst2.ptr<uchar>(1)[1]);
}

TEST(Core_Merge, bug_13544)
{
    Mat src1(2, 2, CV_8UC3, Scalar::all(1));
    Mat src2(2, 2, CV_8UC3, Scalar::all(2));
    Mat src3(2, 2, CV_8UC3, Scalar::all(3));
    Mat src_arr[] = { src1, src2, src3 };
    Mat dst;
    merge(src_arr, 3, dst);
    ASSERT_EQ(9, dst.channels());  // Avoid memory access out of buffer
    EXPECT_EQ(3, (int)dst.ptr<uchar>(0)[6]);
    EXPECT_EQ(3, (int)dst.ptr<uchar>(0)[7]);
    EXPECT_EQ(3, (int)dst.ptr<uchar>(0)[8]);
    EXPECT_EQ(1, (int)dst.ptr<uchar>(1)[0]);
    EXPECT_EQ(1, (int)dst.ptr<uchar>(1)[1]);
    EXPECT_EQ(1, (int)dst.ptr<uchar>(1)[2]);
    EXPECT_EQ(2, (int)dst.ptr<uchar>(1)[3]);
    EXPECT_EQ(2, (int)dst.ptr<uchar>(1)[4]);
    EXPECT_EQ(2, (int)dst.ptr<uchar>(1)[5]);
    EXPECT_EQ(3, (int)dst.ptr<uchar>(1)[6]);
    EXPECT_EQ(3, (int)dst.ptr<uchar>(1)[7]);
    EXPECT_EQ(3, (int)dst.ptr<uchar>(1)[8]);
}

struct CustomType  // like cv::Keypoint
{
    Point2f pt;
    float size;
    float angle;
    float response;
    int octave;
    int class_id;
};

static void test_CustomType(InputArray src_, OutputArray dst_)
{
    Mat src = src_.getMat();
    ASSERT_EQ(sizeof(CustomType), src.elemSize());
    CV_CheckTypeEQ(src.type(), CV_MAKETYPE(CV_8U, sizeof(CustomType)), "");

    CustomType* kpt = NULL;
    {
        Mat dst = dst_.getMat();
        for (size_t i = 0; i < dst.total(); i++)
        {
            kpt = dst.ptr<CustomType>(0) + i;
            kpt->octave = (int)i;
        }
    }
    const int N = (int)src.total();
    dst_.create(1, N * 2, rawType<CustomType>());
    Mat dst = dst_.getMat();
    for (size_t i = N; i < dst.total(); i++)
    {
        kpt = dst.ptr<CustomType>(0) + i;
        kpt->octave = -(int)i;
    }
#if 0 // Compilation error
    CustomType& kpt = dst.at<CustomType>(0, 5);
#endif
}

TEST(Core_InputArray, support_CustomType)
{
    std::vector<CustomType> kp1(5);
    std::vector<CustomType> kp2(3);
    test_CustomType(rawIn(kp1), rawOut(kp2));
    ASSERT_EQ((size_t)10, kp2.size());
    for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
    {
        EXPECT_EQ(i, kp2[i].octave);
    }
    for (int i = 3; i < 5; i++)
    {
        EXPECT_EQ(0, kp2[i].octave);
    }
    for (int i = 5; i < 10; i++)
    {
        EXPECT_EQ(-i, kp2[i].octave);
    }
}


TEST(Core_InputArray, fetch_MatExpr)
{
    Mat a(Size(10, 5), CV_32FC1, 5);
    Mat b(Size(10, 5), CV_32FC1, 2);
    MatExpr expr = a * b.t();                    // gemm expression
    Mat dst;
    cv::add(expr, Scalar(1), dst);               // invoke gemm() here
    void* expr_data = expr.a.data;
    Mat result = expr;                           // should not call gemm() here again
    EXPECT_EQ(expr_data, result.data);           // expr data is reused
    EXPECT_EQ(dst.size(), result.size());
}


class TestInputArrayRangeChecking {
    static const char *kind2str(cv::_InputArray ia)
    {
        switch (ia.kind())
        {
        #define C(x) case cv::_InputArray::x: return #x
        C(MAT);
        C(UMAT);
        C(EXPR);
        C(MATX);
        C(STD_VECTOR);
        C(NONE);
        C(STD_VECTOR_VECTOR);
        C(STD_BOOL_VECTOR);
        C(STD_VECTOR_MAT);
        C(STD_ARRAY_MAT);
        C(STD_VECTOR_UMAT);
        C(CUDA_GPU_MAT);
        C(STD_VECTOR_CUDA_GPU_MAT);
        #undef C
        default:
            return "<unsupported>";
        }
    }

    static void banner(cv::_InputArray ia, const char *label, const char *name)
    {
        std::cout << std::endl
                  << label << " = " << name << ", Kind: " << kind2str(ia)
                  << std::endl;
    }

    template<typename I, typename F>
    static void testA(I ia, F f, const char *mfname)
    {
        banner(ia, "f", mfname);
        EXPECT_THROW(f(ia, -1), cv::Exception)
            << "f(ia, " << -1 << ") should throw cv::Exception";
        for (int i = 0; i < int(ia.size()); i++)
        {
            EXPECT_NO_THROW(f(ia, i))
                << "f(ia, " << i << ") should not throw an exception";
        }
        EXPECT_THROW(f(ia, int(ia.size())), cv::Exception)
            << "f(ia, " << ia.size() << ") should throw cv::Exception";
    }

    template<typename I, typename F>
    static void testB(I ia, F f, const char *mfname)
    {
        banner(ia, "f", mfname);
        EXPECT_THROW(f(ia, -1), cv::Exception)
            << "f(ia, " << -1 << ") should throw cv::Exception";
        for (int i = 0; i < int(ia.size()); i++)
        {
            EXPECT_NO_THROW(f(ia, i))
                << "f(ia, " << i << ") should not throw an exception";
        }
        EXPECT_THROW(f(ia, int(ia.size())), cv::Exception)
            << "f(ia, " << ia.size() << ") should throw cv::Exception";
    }

    static void test_isContinuous()
    {
        auto f = [](cv::_InputArray ia, int i) { (void)ia.isContinuous(i); };

        cv::Mat M;
        cv::UMat uM;

        std::vector<cv::Mat> vec = {M, M};
        std::array<cv::Mat, 2> arr = {M, M};
        std::vector<cv::UMat> uvec = {uM, uM};

        testA(vec, f, "isContinuous");
        testA(arr, f, "isContinuous");
        testA(uvec, f, "isContinuous");
    }

    static void test_isSubmatrix()
    {
        auto f = [](cv::_InputArray ia, int i) { (void)ia.isSubmatrix(i); };

        cv::Mat M;
        cv::UMat uM;

        std::vector<cv::Mat> vec = {M, M};
        std::array<cv::Mat, 2> arr = {M, M};
        std::vector<cv::UMat> uvec = {uM, uM};

        testA(vec, f, "isSubmatrix");
        testA(arr, f, "isSubmatrix");
        testA(uvec, f, "isSubmatrix");
    }

    static void test_offset()
    {
        auto f = [](cv::_InputArray ia, int i) { return ia.offset(i); };

        cv::Mat M;
        cv::UMat uM;
        cv::cuda::GpuMat gM;

        std::vector<cv::Mat> vec = {M, M};
        std::array<cv::Mat, 2> arr = {M, M};
        std::vector<cv::UMat> uvec = {uM, uM};
        std::vector<cv::cuda::GpuMat> gvec = {gM, gM};

        testB(vec, f, "offset");
        testB(arr, f, "offset");
        testB(uvec, f, "offset");
        testB(gvec, f, "offset");
    }

    static void test_step()
    {
        auto f = [](cv::_InputArray ia, int i) { return ia.step(i); };

        cv::Mat M;
        cv::UMat uM;
        cv::cuda::GpuMat gM;

        std::vector<cv::Mat> vec = {M, M};
        std::array<cv::Mat, 2> arr = {M, M};
        std::vector<cv::UMat> uvec = {uM, uM};
        std::vector<cv::cuda::GpuMat> gvec = {gM, gM};

        testB(vec, f, "step");
        testB(arr, f, "step");
        testB(uvec, f, "step");
        testB(gvec, f, "step");
    }

public:
    static void run()
    {
        test_isContinuous();
        test_isSubmatrix();
        test_offset();
        test_step();
    }
};

TEST(Core_InputArray, range_checking)
{
    TestInputArrayRangeChecking::run();
}

TEST(Core_Vectors, issue_13078)
{
    float floats_[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 };
    std::vector<float> floats(floats_, floats_ + 8);
    std::vector<int> ints(4);

    Mat m(4, 1, CV_32FC1, floats.data(), sizeof(floats[0]) * 2);

    m.convertTo(ints, CV_32S);

    ASSERT_EQ(1, ints[0]);
    ASSERT_EQ(3, ints[1]);
    ASSERT_EQ(5, ints[2]);
    ASSERT_EQ(7, ints[3]);
}

TEST(Core_Vectors, issue_13078_workaround)
{
    float floats_[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 };
    std::vector<float> floats(floats_, floats_ + 8);
    std::vector<int> ints(4);

    Mat m(4, 1, CV_32FC1, floats.data(), sizeof(floats[0]) * 2);

    m.convertTo(Mat(ints), CV_32S);

    ASSERT_EQ(1, ints[0]);
    ASSERT_EQ(3, ints[1]);
    ASSERT_EQ(5, ints[2]);
    ASSERT_EQ(7, ints[3]);
}

TEST(Core_MatExpr, issue_13926)
{
    Mat M1 = (Mat_<double>(4,4,CV_64FC1) << 1, 2, 3, 4,
                                           5, 6, 7, 8,
                                           9, 10, 11, 12,
                                           13, 14, 15, 16);

    Matx44d M2(1, 2, 3, 4,
               5, 6, 7, 8,
               9, 10, 11, 12,
               13, 14, 15, 16);

    EXPECT_GE(1e-6, cvtest::norm(M1*M2, M1*M1, NORM_INF)) << Mat(M1*M2) << std::endl << Mat(M1*M1);
    EXPECT_GE(1e-6, cvtest::norm(M2*M1, M2*M2, NORM_INF)) << Mat(M2*M1) << std::endl << Mat(M2*M2);
}

TEST(Core_MatExpr, issue_16655)
{
    Mat a(Size(5, 5), CV_32FC3, Scalar::all(1));
    Mat b(Size(5, 5), CV_32FC3, Scalar::all(2));
    MatExpr ab_expr = a != b;
    Mat ab_mat = ab_expr;
    EXPECT_EQ(CV_8UC3, ab_expr.type())
        << "MatExpr: CV_8UC3 != " << typeToString(ab_expr.type());
    EXPECT_EQ(CV_8UC3, ab_mat.type())
        << "Mat: CV_8UC3 != " << typeToString(ab_mat.type());
}

TEST(Core_MatExpr, issue_16689)
{
    Mat a(Size(10, 5), CV_32FC1, 5);
    Mat b(Size(10, 5), CV_32FC1, 2);
    Mat bt(Size(5, 10), CV_32FC1, 3);
    {
        MatExpr r = a * bt;  // gemm
        EXPECT_EQ(Mat(r).size(), r.size()) << "[10x5] x [5x10] => [5x5]";
    }
    {
        MatExpr r = a * b.t();  // gemm
        EXPECT_EQ(Mat(r).size(), r.size()) << "[10x5] x [10x5].t() => [5x5]";
    }
    {
        MatExpr r = a.t() * b;  // gemm
        EXPECT_EQ(Mat(r).size(), r.size()) << "[10x5].t() x [10x5] => [10x10]";
    }
    {
        MatExpr r = a.t() * bt.t();  // gemm
        EXPECT_EQ(Mat(r).size(), r.size()) << "[10x5].t() x [5x10].t() => [10x10]";
    }
}

#ifdef HAVE_EIGEN
TEST(Core_Eigen, eigen2cv_check_Mat_type)
{
    Mat A(4, 4, CV_32FC1, Scalar::all(0));
    Eigen::MatrixXf eigen_A;
    cv2eigen(A, eigen_A);

    Mat_<float> f_mat;
    EXPECT_NO_THROW(eigen2cv(eigen_A, f_mat));
    EXPECT_EQ(CV_32FC1, f_mat.type());

    Mat_<double> d_mat;
    EXPECT_ANY_THROW(eigen2cv(eigen_A, d_mat));
    //EXPECT_EQ(CV_64FC1, d_mat.type());
}

TEST(Core_Eigen, cv2eigen_check_RowMajor)
{
    Mat A(3, 2, CV_32FC1, Scalar::all(0));
    A.at<float>(0,0) = 1.0;
    A.at<float>(0,1) = 2.0;
    A.at<float>(1,0) = 3.0;
    A.at<float>(1,1) = 4.0;
    A.at<float>(2,0) = 5.0;
    A.at<float>(2,1) = 6.0;

    Eigen::Matrix<float, Eigen::Dynamic, Eigen::Dynamic, Eigen::RowMajor> eigen_A;
    EXPECT_NO_THROW(cv2eigen(A, eigen_A));

    ASSERT_EQ(1.0, eigen_A(0, 0));
    ASSERT_EQ(2.0, eigen_A(0, 1));
    ASSERT_EQ(3.0, eigen_A(1, 0));
    ASSERT_EQ(4.0, eigen_A(1, 1));
    ASSERT_EQ(5.0, eigen_A(2, 0));
    ASSERT_EQ(6.0, eigen_A(2, 1));
}
#endif // HAVE_EIGEN

#ifdef OPENCV_EIGEN_TENSOR_SUPPORT
TEST(Core_Eigen, cv2eigen_check_tensor_conversion)
{
    Mat A(2, 3, CV_32FC3);
    float value = 0;
    for(int row=0; row<A.rows; row++)
        for(int col=0; col<A.cols; col++)
            for(int ch=0; ch<A.channels(); ch++)
                A.at<Vec3f>(row,col)[ch] = value++;

    Eigen::Tensor<float, 3, Eigen::RowMajor> row_tensor;
    cv2eigen(A, row_tensor);

    float* mat_ptr = (float*)A.data;
    float* tensor_ptr = row_tensor.data();
    for (int i=0; i< row_tensor.size(); i++)
        ASSERT_FLOAT_EQ(mat_ptr[i], tensor_ptr[i]);

    Eigen::Tensor<float, 3, Eigen::ColMajor> col_tensor;
    cv2eigen(A, col_tensor);
    value = 0;
    for(int row=0; row<A.rows; row++)
        for(int col=0; col<A.cols; col++)
            for(int ch=0; ch<A.channels(); ch++)
                ASSERT_FLOAT_EQ(value++, col_tensor(row,col,ch));
}
#endif // OPENCV_EIGEN_TENSOR_SUPPORT

#ifdef OPENCV_EIGEN_TENSOR_SUPPORT
TEST(Core_Eigen, eigen2cv_check_tensor_conversion)
{
    Eigen::Tensor<float, 3, Eigen::RowMajor> row_tensor(2,3,3);
    Eigen::Tensor<float, 3, Eigen::ColMajor> col_tensor(2,3,3);
    float value = 0;
    for(int row=0; row<row_tensor.dimension(0); row++)
        for(int col=0; col<row_tensor.dimension(1); col++)
            for(int ch=0; ch<row_tensor.dimension(2); ch++)
            {
                row_tensor(row,col,ch) = value;
                col_tensor(row,col,ch) = value;
                value++;
            }

    Mat A;
    eigen2cv(row_tensor, A);

    float* tensor_ptr = row_tensor.data();
    float* mat_ptr = (float*)A.data;
    for (int i=0; i< row_tensor.size(); i++)
        ASSERT_FLOAT_EQ(tensor_ptr[i], mat_ptr[i]);

    Mat B;
    eigen2cv(col_tensor, B);

    value = 0;
    for(int row=0; row<B.rows; row++)
        for(int col=0; col<B.cols; col++)
            for(int ch=0; ch<B.channels(); ch++)
                ASSERT_FLOAT_EQ(value++, B.at<Vec3f>(row,col)[ch]);
}
#endif // OPENCV_EIGEN_TENSOR_SUPPORT

#ifdef OPENCV_EIGEN_TENSOR_SUPPORT
TEST(Core_Eigen, cv2eigen_tensormap_check_tensormap_access)
{
    float arr[] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11};
    Mat a_mat(2, 2, CV_32FC3, arr);
    Eigen::TensorMap<Eigen::Tensor<float, 3, Eigen::RowMajor>> a_tensor = cv2eigen_tensormap<float>(a_mat);

    for(int i=0; i<a_mat.rows; i++) {
        for (int j=0; j<a_mat.cols; j++) {
            for (int ch=0; ch<a_mat.channels(); ch++) {
                ASSERT_FLOAT_EQ(a_mat.at<Vec3f>(i,j)[ch], a_tensor(i,j,ch));
                ASSERT_EQ(&a_mat.at<Vec3f>(i,j)[ch], &a_tensor(i,j,ch));
            }
        }
    }
}
#endif // OPENCV_EIGEN_TENSOR_SUPPORT

TEST(Mat, regression_12943)  // memory usage: ~4.5 Gb
{
    applyTestTag(CV_TEST_TAG_MEMORY_6GB);

    const int width = 0x8000;
    const int height = 0x10001;

    cv::Mat src(height, width, CV_8UC1, Scalar::all(128));

    cv::Mat dst;
    cv::flip(src, dst, 0);
}

TEST(Mat, empty_iterator_16855)
{
    cv::Mat m;
    EXPECT_NO_THROW(m.begin<uchar>());
    EXPECT_NO_THROW(m.end<uchar>());
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.begin<uchar>() == m.end<uchar>());
}


TEST(Mat, regression_18473)
{
    std::vector<int> sizes(3);
    sizes[0] = 20;
    sizes[1] = 50;
    sizes[2] = 100;
#if 1  // with the fix
    std::vector<size_t> steps(2);
    steps[0] = 50*100*2;
    steps[1] = 100*2;
#else  // without the fix
    std::vector<size_t> steps(3);
    steps[0] = 50*100*2;
    steps[1] = 100*2;
    steps[2] = 2;
#endif
    std::vector<short> data(20*50*100, 0);  // 1Mb
    data[data.size() - 1] = 5;

    // param steps Array of ndims-1 steps
    Mat m(sizes, CV_16SC1, (void*)data.data(), (const size_t*)steps.data());

    ASSERT_FALSE(m.empty());
    EXPECT_EQ((int)5, (int)m.at<short>(19, 49, 99));
}

// FITIT: remove DISABLE_ when 1D Mat is supported
TEST(Mat1D, DISABLED_basic)
{
    std::vector<int> sizes { 100 };
    Mat m1(sizes, CV_8UC1, Scalar::all(5));
    m1.at<uchar>(50) = 10;
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.empty());
    ASSERT_EQ(1, m1.dims);
    ASSERT_EQ(1, m1.size.dims());  // hack map on .rows
    EXPECT_EQ(Size(100, 1), m1.size());

    {
        SCOPED_TRACE("clone");
        Mat m = m1.clone();
        EXPECT_EQ(1, m.dims);
        EXPECT_EQ(Size(100, 1), m.size());
    }

    {
        SCOPED_TRACE("colRange()");
        Mat m = m1.colRange(Range(10, 30));
        EXPECT_EQ(1, m.dims);
        EXPECT_EQ(Size(20, 1), m.size());
    }

    {
        SCOPED_TRACE("reshape(1, 1)");
        Mat m = m1.reshape(1, 1);
        EXPECT_EQ(1, m.dims);
        EXPECT_EQ(Size(100, 1), m.size());
    }

    {
        SCOPED_TRACE("reshape(1, 100)");
        Mat m = m1.reshape(1, 100);
        EXPECT_EQ(2, m.dims);
        EXPECT_EQ(Size(1, 100), m.size());
    }

    {
        SCOPED_TRACE("reshape(1, {1, 100})");
        Mat m = m1.reshape(1, {1, 100});
        EXPECT_EQ(2, m.dims);
        EXPECT_EQ(Size(100, 1), m.size());
    }

    {
        SCOPED_TRACE("copyTo(std::vector<uchar>)");
        std::vector<uchar> dst;
        m1.copyTo(dst);
        EXPECT_EQ(100u, dst.size());
    }

    {
        SCOPED_TRACE("copyTo(row2D)");
        Mat m(5, 100, CV_8UC1, Scalar::all(0));
        const Mat row2D = m.row(2);
        EXPECT_NO_THROW(m1.copyTo(row2D));
    }

    {
        SCOPED_TRACE("convertTo(row2D)");
        Mat m(5, 100, CV_32FC1, Scalar::all(0));
        const Mat row2D = m.row(2);
        EXPECT_NO_THROW(m1.convertTo(row2D, CV_32FC1));
    }

    {
        SCOPED_TRACE("CvMat");
        CvMat c_mat = cvMat(m1);
        EXPECT_EQ(100, c_mat.cols);
        EXPECT_EQ(1, c_mat.rows);
    }

    {
        SCOPED_TRACE("CvMatND");
        CvMatND c_mat = cvMatND(m1);
        EXPECT_EQ(2, c_mat.dims);
        EXPECT_EQ(100, c_mat.dim[0].size);
        EXPECT_EQ(1, c_mat.dim[1].size);
    }

    {
        SCOPED_TRACE("minMaxLoc");
        Point pt;
        minMaxLoc(m1, 0, 0, 0, &pt);
        EXPECT_EQ(50, pt.x);
        EXPECT_EQ(0, pt.y);
    }
}

TEST(Mat, regression_cvReshapeMatND_continuous)
{
    int sizes[] = {2, 3, 4};
    Mat mat(3, sizes, CV_32SC1);
    CvMatND src = cvMatND(mat);
    CvMatND reshaped;
    int new_sizes[] = {4, 3, 2};
    CvArr* result = 0;

    ASSERT_NO_THROW(result = cvReshapeMatND(&src, sizeof(reshaped), &reshaped, 0, 3, new_sizes));
    ASSERT_NE((CvArr*)0, result);
    EXPECT_EQ(3, reshaped.dims);
    EXPECT_EQ(new_sizes[0], reshaped.dim[0].size);
    EXPECT_EQ(new_sizes[1], reshaped.dim[1].size);
    EXPECT_EQ(new_sizes[2], reshaped.dim[2].size);
    EXPECT_EQ(src.data.ptr, reshaped.data.ptr);
}

TEST(Mat, ptrVecni_20044)
{
    Mat_<int> m(3,4); m << 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12;
    Vec2i idx(1,1);

    uchar *u = m.ptr(idx);
    EXPECT_EQ(int(6), *(int*)(u));
    const uchar *cu = m.ptr(idx);
    EXPECT_EQ(int(6), *(int*)(cu));

    int *i = m.ptr<int>(idx);
    EXPECT_EQ(int(6), *(i));
    const int *ci = m.ptr<int>(idx);
    EXPECT_EQ(int(6), *(ci));
}


TEST(Mat, VecMatx_4650)
{
  // Makes sure the following compiles.
  cv::Vec3b a;
  a = cv::Vec3b::ones();
  a = cv::Vec3b::zeros();
  a = cv::Vec3b::randn(0, 10);
  a = cv::Vec3b::randu(0, 10);
}


TEST(Mat, reverse_iterator_19967)
{
    // empty iterator (#16855)
    cv::Mat m_empty;
    EXPECT_NO_THROW(m_empty.rbegin<uchar>());
    EXPECT_NO_THROW(m_empty.rend<uchar>());
    EXPECT_TRUE(m_empty.rbegin<uchar>() == m_empty.rend<uchar>());

    // 1D test
    std::vector<uchar> data{0, 1, 2, 3};
    const std::vector<int> sizes_1d{4};

    //Base class
    cv::Mat m_1d(sizes_1d, CV_8U, data.data());
    auto mismatch_it_pair_1d = std::mismatch(data.rbegin(), data.rend(), m_1d.rbegin<uchar>());
    EXPECT_EQ(mismatch_it_pair_1d.first, data.rend());  // expect no mismatch
    EXPECT_EQ(mismatch_it_pair_1d.second, m_1d.rend<uchar>());

    //Templated derived class
    cv::Mat_<uchar> m_1d_t(static_cast<int>(sizes_1d.size()), sizes_1d.data(), data.data());
    auto mismatch_it_pair_1d_t = std::mismatch(data.rbegin(), data.rend(), m_1d_t.rbegin());
    EXPECT_EQ(mismatch_it_pair_1d_t.first, data.rend());  // expect no mismatch
    EXPECT_EQ(mismatch_it_pair_1d_t.second, m_1d_t.rend());


    // 2D test
    const std::vector<int> sizes_2d{2, 2};

    //Base class
    cv::Mat m_2d(sizes_2d, CV_8U, data.data());
    auto mismatch_it_pair_2d = std::mismatch(data.rbegin(), data.rend(), m_2d.rbegin<uchar>());
    EXPECT_EQ(mismatch_it_pair_2d.first, data.rend());
    EXPECT_EQ(mismatch_it_pair_2d.second, m_2d.rend<uchar>());

    //Templated derived class
    cv::Mat_<uchar> m_2d_t(static_cast<int>(sizes_2d.size()),sizes_2d.data(), data.data());
    auto mismatch_it_pair_2d_t = std::mismatch(data.rbegin(), data.rend(), m_2d_t.rbegin());
    EXPECT_EQ(mismatch_it_pair_2d_t.first, data.rend());
    EXPECT_EQ(mismatch_it_pair_2d_t.second, m_2d_t.rend());

    // 3D test
    std::vector<uchar> data_3d{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7};
    const std::vector<int> sizes_3d{2, 2, 2};

    //Base class
    cv::Mat m_3d(sizes_3d, CV_8U, data_3d.data());
    auto mismatch_it_pair_3d = std::mismatch(data_3d.rbegin(), data_3d.rend(), m_3d.rbegin<uchar>());
    EXPECT_EQ(mismatch_it_pair_3d.first, data_3d.rend());
    EXPECT_EQ(mismatch_it_pair_3d.second, m_3d.rend<uchar>());

    //Templated derived class
    cv::Mat_<uchar> m_3d_t(static_cast<int>(sizes_3d.size()),sizes_3d.data(), data_3d.data());
    auto mismatch_it_pair_3d_t = std::mismatch(data_3d.rbegin(), data_3d.rend(), m_3d_t.rbegin());
    EXPECT_EQ(mismatch_it_pair_3d_t.first, data_3d.rend());
    EXPECT_EQ(mismatch_it_pair_3d_t.second, m_3d_t.rend());

    // const test base class
    const cv::Mat m_1d_const(sizes_1d, CV_8U, data.data());

    auto mismatch_it_pair_1d_const = std::mismatch(data.rbegin(), data.rend(), m_1d_const.rbegin<uchar>());
    EXPECT_EQ(mismatch_it_pair_1d_const.first, data.rend());  // expect no mismatch
    EXPECT_EQ(mismatch_it_pair_1d_const.second, m_1d_const.rend<uchar>());

    EXPECT_FALSE((std::is_assignable<decltype(m_1d_const.rend<uchar>()), uchar>::value)) << "Constness of const iterator violated.";
    EXPECT_FALSE((std::is_assignable<decltype(m_1d_const.rbegin<uchar>()), uchar>::value)) << "Constness of const iterator violated.";

    // const test templated dervied class
    const cv::Mat_<uchar> m_1d_const_t(static_cast<int>(sizes_1d.size()), sizes_1d.data(), data.data());

    auto mismatch_it_pair_1d_const_t = std::mismatch(data.rbegin(), data.rend(), m_1d_const_t.rbegin());
    EXPECT_EQ(mismatch_it_pair_1d_const_t.first, data.rend());  // expect no mismatch
    EXPECT_EQ(mismatch_it_pair_1d_const_t.second, m_1d_const_t.rend());

    EXPECT_FALSE((std::is_assignable<decltype(m_1d_const_t.rend()), uchar>::value)) << "Constness of const iterator violated.";
    EXPECT_FALSE((std::is_assignable<decltype(m_1d_const_t.rbegin()), uchar>::value)) << "Constness of const iterator violated.";

}

TEST(Mat, Recreate1DMatWithSameMeta)
{
    std::vector<int> dims = {100};
    auto depth = CV_8U;
    cv::Mat m(dims, depth);

    // By default m has dims: [1, 100]
    m.dims = 1;

    EXPECT_NO_THROW(m.create(dims, depth));
}

// see https://github.com/opencv/opencv/issues/27298
TEST(Mat, copyAt_regression27298)
{
    cv::Mat src(40/*height*/, 30/*width*/, CV_8UC1, Scalar(255));
    // Normal
    {
        cv::Mat dst(100, 100, CV_8UC1, Scalar(0));
        cv::Mat roi(dst, cv::Rect(0, 0, 30/*width*/, 40/*height*/));
        void* roiData = roi.data;
        EXPECT_NO_THROW(src.copyTo(roi));
        EXPECT_EQ(roi.data, roiData);
        EXPECT_EQ(countNonZero(roi), roi.size().width * roi.size().height) << roi;
    }
    {
        cv::Mat dst(100, 100, CV_8UC1, Scalar(0));
        cv::Mat roi(dst, cv::Rect(0, 0, 30/*width*/, 40/*height*/));
        void* roiData = roi.data;
        EXPECT_NO_THROW(src.copyAt(roi));
        EXPECT_EQ(roi.data, roiData);
        EXPECT_EQ(countNonZero(roi), roi.size().width * roi.size().height) << roi;
    }

    // Empty
    {
        cv::Mat roi; // empty
        EXPECT_NO_THROW(src.copyTo(roi));
        EXPECT_NE(roi.data, nullptr); // Allocated
        EXPECT_EQ(countNonZero(roi), roi.size().width * roi.size().height) << roi;
    }
    {
        cv::Mat roi; // empty
        EXPECT_ANY_THROW(src.copyAt(roi));
    }

    // Different Type
    {
        cv::Mat dst(100, 100, CV_16UC1, Scalar(0));
        cv::Mat roi(dst, cv::Rect(0, 0, 30/*width*/, 40/*height*/));
        void* roiData = roi.data;
        EXPECT_NO_THROW(src.copyTo(roi));
        EXPECT_NE(roi.data, roiData); // Reallocated
        EXPECT_EQ(countNonZero(roi), roi.size().width * roi.size().height) << roi;
    }
    {
        cv::Mat dst(100, 100, CV_16UC1, Scalar(0));
        cv::Mat roi(dst, cv::Rect(0, 0, 30/*width*/, 40/*height*/));
        EXPECT_ANY_THROW(src.copyAt(roi));
    }

    // Different Size
    {
        cv::Mat dst(100, 100, CV_8UC1, Scalar(0));
        cv::Mat roi(dst, cv::Rect(0, 0, 40/*width*/, 30/*height*/));
        void* roiData = roi.data;
        EXPECT_NO_THROW(src.copyTo(roi));
        EXPECT_NE(roi.data, roiData); // Reallocated
        EXPECT_EQ(countNonZero(roi), roi.size().width * roi.size().height) << roi;
    }
    {
        cv::Mat dst(100, 100, CV_8UC1, Scalar(0));
        cv::Mat roi(dst, cv::Rect(0, 0, 40/*width*/, 30/*height*/));
        EXPECT_ANY_THROW(src.copyAt(roi));
    }
}

template<typename _Tp, int cn> static void make_vector(std::vector<cv::Vec<_Tp, cn> >& v, int n)
{
    v.clear();
    v.resize(n);
    _Tp* data = &v[0][0];
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        for (int j = 0; j < cn; j++) {
            int k = j % 4;
            int val = (k == 0 ? 1 : k == 1 ? -1 : k == 2 ? (i+1) : -(i+1))*(i+1);
            data[i*cn + j] = (_Tp)val;
        }
    }
}

TEST(Core_InputOutputArray, std_vector_vector)
{
    std::vector<Vec3s> vv0_s, vv1_s;
    std::vector<std::vector<short> > cn_s;
    make_vector(vv0_s, 100);

    split(vv0_s, cn_s);
    merge(cn_s, vv1_s);

    double err0 = cvtest::norm(vv0_s, vv1_s, NORM_INF);
    EXPECT_EQ(0, err0);

    _InputArray iarr_s(cn_s);
    _OutputArray oarr_s(cn_s);
    EXPECT_EQ(3u, iarr_s.total(-1));
    size_t newsize_s = vv0_s.size()*2;
    oarr_s.create(Size((int)newsize_s, 1), CV_16S, 2);
    EXPECT_EQ(newsize_s, cn_s[2].size());
    cn_s[1].clear();
    EXPECT_EQ(true, oarr_s.empty(1));

    std::vector<Vec4d> vv0_d, vv1_d;
    std::vector<std::vector<double> > cn_d;
    make_vector(vv0_d, 1000);

    split(vv0_d, cn_d);
    merge(cn_d, vv1_d);

    double err1 = cvtest::norm(vv0_d, vv1_d, NORM_INF);
    EXPECT_EQ(0., err1);

    _InputArray iarr_d(cn_d);
    _OutputArray oarr_d(cn_d);
    EXPECT_EQ(4u, iarr_d.total(-1));
    size_t newsize_d = vv0_d.size()*3;
    oarr_d.create(Size((int)newsize_d, 1), CV_64F, 3);
    EXPECT_EQ(newsize_d, cn_d[3].size());
    cn_d[1].clear();
    EXPECT_EQ(true, oarr_d.empty(1));
    Mat m2 = oarr_d.getMat(2);

    double err2 = cvtest::norm(m2, Mat(cn_d[2]).t(), NORM_INF);
    EXPECT_EQ(m2.ptr<double>(), &cn_d[2][0]);
    EXPECT_EQ(0., err2);
}

}} // namespace
