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    015.ҵ֮ࡷеɽ

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й񵳵ɽһԼǸɽһǱ˱ɽ˱ɽۻκδɽˣŲ𡢿ԲȥԼǸɽȴԴԡԣɽǰʷұ£Ӹᡣĳַζ˵ʷұԣΪͥkangaroo courtķ٣Ϊү⣬ʷӦ𣬶Ρ

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ɽһĴɹƷйƣһĴʧԼȨֶΣһٹ۹ϧ̫˹ΪУ棻ɽ˽ͨաӢ¡ȹΪѣҲδɽǰߣߣΪֶΣֻҲʷ͸ġŽ̡쳵νʯȵȶ֮ġͬ־Ҿ֮ߡⱾɽоؾɽһĻӱīϿЦɽߣҲ

1987816̨̨д

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ʮϹ񵳹61յġѧϣдһƪɽ¡ԭ£

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ƪ֣̲סҪԼ˵ʷˣҷǲɣΥʷӵһγɼ

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1882꣬ɽʮʱͽύ˳ٰ׵ȣΪĴܡٰ׺ڡлʷҪ׷䣺

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ڳٰɽѣĻ䣬ֵӡȻĻҲԿ˵֣ӦɽĹϵ̫ˣǣ浽ݣɲŪ

֣ӦӰɽ

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ЩۣȻɽС˾šؾűɽ֣Ӧ磬Ҳѡ֣ӦӰɽԲˡ

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ٻؿٰ׵׷䣬֪飬ɽϺ֣Ӧ֮󣬲ڹݣˡȻֺ˵ɽǳʾأ

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Щ϶ǺܶġҪһΪӦûģǣ

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Ѿѯ裺꼴ĺԻȻ

Իʵ꣬פʹ磬νЪ˹ĺִӢҾڴˡ

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ʿ˸ֽʣдνѱйʹݣת濵ȡ֮ơľԻк鼰֣ɱһԻйʹݣ濵Ϊơ

ߣ֪Ϊˣʺʼ֪伴ʢ֮ᣨSir Halliday MarcartneyҲ

һת䣬νɾùݣѴȡԢ߲ùݣ֪ߣԸ֮֮ΨΨΪġ֮ԺȻתߣ棬֮֮ܵͬƳϽա

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ʹϤûģ÷Ӣװޱ裬ⲿӢԼܴãβ١ޡ

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豻Сʱһ룬ν֮Ѽ̽ȡԿסǦʡСȻһ´вسƱֽδȡʱȥߣشϵ֮ļֽѡ߸ѯʳȡţѡ

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ƴԻ˼֮Ҳҵ߾ϣѾڶƶԿһ֮ţһʹ֮ǰţ֮ߣԿϵʹ֮棬ԿҲ

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ƴǳʱָ峿ԮԤơȻȥȡƬֽٹģ1015գӢͣܽ磬ƣֽӢ;ʹݣ֮ҴڸνӦʹıꡣԮ֮ģ˾ʵƻƻδ󡣡

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輴ĳ֮ǰһ۵ȱϣӦֽ֮Ϊ֮ƴԻSir Halliday MarcartneyǴʱ赫֪֮Ϊᣬδ֪ƴȶƣƻ֮ȥ˺첻ټ֮ӡ

˾ʵĳ֮ƣν޼ʹѩԿʵν֮ʹݣ˳ԸսҮȻ˵Ԩ֮ʱкƾߣϧԮԵǣش񣬸ܱΪαҮ

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ܼܰ칫

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    (13)ԭעJansen, Marius B: The Japanese and Sun Yat-sen (Harvard University Press 1954).pp.191-193.Metallon, Michael Vincent: The United States and Sun Yat-sen 1911-1925.pp.112-118.֣Ѧȡйע˵ڷԬУɽձ֧֡˵ﻹԸΪ˶ձòѦᵽJansen飬ղɭձֽı˵ЩԸعЭֿձԵĸˣԬʾԿˡṩѡղɭӡ󣬼ҲԸͶϻԬϴ֮һһһһʮջعʵǣֱһһԬ󣬻˲ŷйӦᵽղɭкָձΣصʱֹ̣ͣԬȡԬյǣǸΪġ

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(36)ǣģ¡ԼӼ䣩ȻڱĪҷСʧά֮ꡣһ̣ˡߣ_ۣ֮Ӹ̏ԱҲ죣	

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1922꽯ʯͳѼǡ1922¾ںɽġͳǰ

ó¾磬˿ܻڰɽָӴҶֽܳ磬ָڸΧͳռأɱפعصȸԡҹ10ʱĳԵ绰ͳԽҹвжͳ븮ͳΪҥ֮ҹ12ʱֱֲξΡǰ棬ԽҹϢն븮ݱ׷档ͳԣӣˣʹ䱾˹д˲֮ģҾùѣи飬Ҳ֮ˣδΪŰŪزɣ⾪šԣᣬԳ֮вͳʱκΣͳԣڹ֮ȫعأ˼ʾ̹ɣ޶Ե֮⡣ȱ˹вң಻سñ֮׾ơĿŵıѣԱң׷ͽӣ˿ɵö֮壬ɲְأʱڱ֮£Ц⣬֮κᵱΪƽң䣬ɰܣҲͳļ̣ǿȰ˼ǳͳ˽Ҿޡ꣬绰棬ԣҹңͳԶ롣ͳš2ʱĳԻӪǱ档ԻӪѱϣԼ2ʱԱֿʮΪıͳ֮ͽ³ɣ׼Ӫʿż죨żټ֮ţͳδšŸԶ֪Ѿ׼ʱԼ3ʱȸȰͳͳԾңƽ棬Σ빫ְءһ־ΨһѳлѡʱԱͳᶨˣǿԶ˱ǿͳʱ·вڣѲͨСΪѾڽΣҵͨͳǰѾɶѲͨСͳѾУݲȣġѾΪͬҲ಻ʡ·ڣͳա

1922615յļ¼ʯ˵ɽһʼ׼һѳл񡱵ģǽҪͷͬ־˱ǿͳҪҪѳأɽȻԴΪͳӦͳѼǡϾû飬á𢡱רǰˣ

ɵǣڽʯдͳѼǡʮ꣬ԼҲͳˣҲһѳĻᡣڡ˻꡷л䣬ģ

ҪһʵԴǰս´֮ʱҾͱѳľģȫеΣҵְģûжκ˵Ҳûж˵ıҪǽѾĹͷÿӦһĴ㣬ҽҪľĸǡ

սʧ֮Ҿ;빲ھʵоսҵʱΪһսǹҡĲսʤʹתΣΪȻǹ֮ҶʧܣϾΪ׶ڵأǹԪף;ѳְϾԾҸ˵ΡδҰǰھؼǿ¹ΪҪ͹˱ǽһҲ˵ҵʱһѡͬ־⾡ְѳľģ֪ƽյԸ񣬲Ըѹ⣬ʱʱɱʱʱڰšҵʱǣϣɱģһǹˣһͶӣɱˣǾͿԴﵽͶĿġͽʹǳѿһʱڹҸ壬в棬˵ʱδӦʱδĹͷҾɱһҪ踺أ빲ͷΪѹٱΪҡֻҪǹҡ廹һءһӣһҪϣ߾յģٽ۲صķܶһλ쵽ͬ־Умλͬ־ġʵҹ۲ʱʧܵΣѵϾʱΨϾſϱ¶Թ񡣵ʱһ־ᶨĶҡӣŹҥԣһҪȥְҰڵʱò뿪Խ׶Ĺ֮صʱΪұر˲ǧôʵҺźΨܵģԸСˡֻ仰ſҵʱľ뾩Ժ󣬹ҵƵȻΣʱһ㽫ھһҵ־Σ˱ɱʵľģƴսѵ׶ǼʹʧܣԶԵҺһɲûп˵Ӱӣֻ߽⣬ʹ˲һǹһռ׶֮һ꣬ɥ½ʷϾµʧܣûֿɳܿʹΣ࣬ûмֱҵ

1950416յĽʯ˵Լһʼ׼ѳϱ¶Թ񡱵ģǽҪͷͬ־һҪȥְҰأʯȻѳְϾԾҸ˵ΡϾûϾԸС 

£Ƕնδе޶żҾúֹ֡Ϊʲôֲͬ־ڽҪͷǰΰĻᡢǲΰȥ顣أΰһޡǡһѳѳֻܡԽ̡ܡ̡˼̫вô

1985618ҹ

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ɽ׼ٴ

ڹնʷ1922һΡϡġѱ䡱ν¾ѱ䡱616ҹѱ䡱ʼǣΧͳȥͳڣɽǱ17գɽϱ918ɽдġ±ͬ־±ʼĩ顷£

616֮䣬ǰСʱֱ㡢񱼸棬Ѿ֮߮Уɼͳ飬ǾѾΧͳǹǹúͷţԴڻ¥ʿ壬ͳɻҽߺͳ֮ڶʦָҶ٣ı߳¾ҲͳȻ٣̱٣γǰһձнʯݣ°ӶԱϤ𣬲ͳְԱٻɱȼԱ౻ɱݱӣӣʿӵƷڽйȻʢ֮һĩʮ޴˽Ҳù֮ۡĪۣ֮δдˣ¾ȻΪ֮ʩڴˡļȵǱϽӽʿĿʡԫޣѾɻ·ͼϮعءȷڣʡѾʾ̴֮֮档ںʼפңٹ֮ʦԮˮ½ԼѾΪվ֮ƻľפ֮Ҳ

һ¼Ȥģɽȷڡľٶɽº˵һϷڣһ֡ڽ̡ڴһֽѵΪˡʾ̴֮֮桱Բò㼸ӡݽͳѼǡڽ̡ǡָĿڻۣ֮΢ѾڻߣԼˡʱ½ϲӲڷڻѾ˵ۣ䲻ƽɼڽ̡ڽ̡ڴ޲ֻǡڽ̡ѡ7£ɽὢ̸ʣʲڻǺɽƣҲ븽֮㡰ڽ̡Ҳڽ̡ϵո治֧ɽ89ȥۣ¾815ջعݣų˾

ڶ1£¾ˣ221գɽػعݡ321գɽҪӢ½棬ӵ۵ĳ¾ȡǣŹ㶫ԱפӢ½棬¾Ҷ١ʽ¡ǿӾġϡơƸ֮ף˳ۣΰ

Ȼκβ˳¾ģ¾ǳ¾й¹1928껹뱱˶ʹͬˣֱ1933ȥ¾һǮɫʱȻδʧӢۺúš񵳶ܶ˧ܶ־һҲûзӡ

ȻԳ¾ûзӣȴݼڣһ£ǰѳ¾ںɽڣˡڽ2³桶ͼī䡷һͼƬ˵Ի

Ϊ¾ѱʱɽڣ±ƽϢ󣬱дڣΪ߽䡣

ԭһҲԱ̵ģǿǧ֮۽磡뵱ʵ۵ɽɽϵǿ峯˳λʵۿˣΪһӢ˲֮ӣڴˣﲻգ̲һסΪʵ֮䣡쿴˹յշסڿڵ׳٣̲סҪ뵽ŴĴԡ񵳵ķ⽨壬ųµأ

19841225

ӰEQQȺ578505007wjm_tcyɵɣ

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    Դվŷleeao.net

    ͹///С//ͷ

ɽֿ

ҶԸ˹˵

ϱߵĸ˹GettysburgСǣ1863713գһս£սսıʤϾϱսУ߷һǡս߷һأ˹ۣ֮ǲǴǡսزʤأȴʷӱ˳Ĺս漣ֿսڸóǵһ˵һ˵18631119ո˹˵Gettysburg Address

ϰʧ͸ˡ

¡˹Brant HouseڡֿϵĻǡLincoln's Witᵽֿڸ˹˵ǰѾ71ŽֵӰʦǶȿ˴˵Ұ»أEdward Everett׼ͬʱ˵Ľ壬ǽǰ͸ֿϹĿģֿϳްصܵΪȽȻֿϵĽݸظֿϴ㡣ֿϿ󣬱ʾظΣգΪĽ塰̡̡̡һûд꣬ûдĽϣҪӰʦ׼ǶοյԼĽ塣

ղķʿ£James BaldwinڡֿϴAbraham Lincolnᵽ˵Уص˵Ϊǳɹģֿϵ˵ȴʧܵģֿϵĹ޻£William Henry SewardȻʾֿϵ˵ǴʧġLincoln's address was a great disappointment.ֿԼҲûøʱȥ׼һ˵Ҹ㣺ϴˣǳ׵ʧܣϰʧ͸ˡMr. Lincoln himself regretted that he had not given more time to it, I tell you it won't scourhe said to a friend. It is a flat failure. The people are disappointed. 

찣ص˵Сʱ˵ֿϵ˵ֻӡ˹Benjamin ThomasֿϴAbraham Lincoln˵ڸոעʱֿѾˣġ˻ûںżܣֿѾתˡ

϶ֿ˵ģ˵֣ķͷİءغдŸֿϣΪԼСʱ˵ʵѾֿϵ֮УI should be glad if I could flatter myself that I came as near to the central idea of the occasion in two hours as you did in two minutes. ɼֿԼʧܵ˵û֪ġƪ˵ڵʱȻ֪ȫ;Ϊһ׵ˣȻԺ¡

ʲʣ塱

˹˵ǹ˵ƾ䣬ֿ˵

ڰʮǰǵ½ϴһµĹңɣһۣƽȡ

ڣǴһΰս飬һҡκһźĹҡǷܳ档ǸսһΰսϼᡣҪǸսϵһأΪЩڴ˵ΪǸҵԼ˵Ϣ֮ʮֵк

ǣӹ㷺һ˵ǲܷƬءǲʹ֮ʥǲʹ֮ϡЩ¸ҵǣŵĺȥģܶѾʹʥԶǵϵǲע⣬᳤üǵڴ˵˵ĻȻǽԶЩ¡ǻŵδɵĹǹѾս˸߹ƶšˣڴǰΰϣǽȡöҵĸҳϣΪ֮ҳϵ׶Ρڴ˼ö⣬Ҫʹǲ°װ׵ȥҪʹϵ۱֮£صõɵҪʹСΡزڵ𡣣룺˼ѡ1959۽棩

ƪ˵УʵĽβڡڴ˼ö⡭ҪʹСΡزڵһΣֿϵĽ屾֣˵ʱõǵڶ֣ԭǣ

That we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation shall have a new birth of freedom; and that this government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

1864꣬һǩĶ֣ԭǣ

That we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vainthat this nationunder Godshall have a new birth of freedomand that government of the people, by the people, for the peopleshall not perish from the earth.

汾вͬof the people, by the people, for the peopleԭϣûĶǰôʴԣȷŬ϶ġƪ˵󣬼⣬˵֮Уʲʣ壬Ϊ֮ʡǧͽΪʷӡȷ

ı仯

ڰof the people, by the people, for the peopleΪСΡȻǸĵġĵ룬ҵϸ飬ȥǺܸӵġ1919꣬ڡԱ塷У룺

ͣʼΪֿ֮ԻΪУΪΣΪߣ˹֮Ҳ֮ʼΪһ֮Ҳ

ֹ꣨19216£˵֮취뿪ʼ

ֵŵ壬ʵǼϹŽѧ˵˳Ӧ׳õһᾧƷᾧ˼ͳֿ˵ģof the peopleby the peopleand for the peopleĻͨġ仰˼ûʵģֵܾͰСΡof the peopleУby the peopleΣfor the peopleֿŵСκ壬ֵŵ塢Ȩ壡ɴˣֵ֪ܵ壬´½ΰѾȵĵġֵܴǰںʱ˲֪ʲôǽ壬˼ҡֵڵʱʵشֻԮֿϵǣǲȫ˽ҵ塣ɴ˸ֵ֪ܵ壬רΪӭִĳǺġ

һº19217£˵Ȩܷһ˵һ룺

塢Ȩ壬ֿͳ˵of the people, by the people, and for the peopleͨġֵܴǰţСΡ壬൱ֵܵȨ壬ҪܹΣܹܹΣ㲻ܹܹǿ˵УҲǼٵġ

ĸº192111£˵Ա塷˵

ᵳ֮壬塢Ȩ֮֡ݣν֮СΡɡƽȡ죬й֮ɳСΡϸͣһӿܾʶ֮弴Ҳߣ֮£һɶռȨҲǰ֮£רʱԹ֮ν˽Ӧ֮֮Ӧ֮֮𣬹༫¡Ҳ¼ΪУ֮ȨԵΪԴ޼᲻롢˲ӡ

ͬһ£˵ʵ弰˷Դ˵

֮ӭ˴˻ᣬ̸֮Σʤο죡֮ȫ֮ΣΪлԱӦ֮ΡΪΣʵ塢Ȩ壬ν֮ΪСΪΡΪ֮澫Ҳ

һº1921127գ˵Ϊ֮ߡ˵

壬塢Ȩ塢塣壬ͳֿ˵ġСΡ˼ȫͨġе˼塣ǸΪʲôҪᳫأΪרƶٶ꣬Ǻܹʹ࣬糱ѹȣ»Ҫ֣˳ᳫĴҪȥרƵ塣ȫ򣬱йƷйͳȨջصйȫΪСʮǰĳɹɹԡ塱Ǻ͡С˼һɹԺйغȨѾʵ۵صйˡͽȨ֮ûȨ֮ʵǲιϵȨʵõſιŽΡﵽεĵͽȨ塣壬˼ġΪǼغȨȻҪһȫܣܹﵽԲҸôҸĵ塣˵СΡǱͳƽᳫ塣

ٹ꣨19231020գ˵Ҫ˸ȹ˵

ҪΪһݺ֮ϵĹңҪҵһȫΡϰѡȫΡ˵ȫ򵥵ģĪͳֿ˵ġof the peopleby the peopleand for the people˼ģǡСΡڹ˼Ʒ˵һѾˡʮ֮ڣ˹Űѳ֣񲻵ǲܹܹ£ܱ֮ʧܹ˵أġȫΡҪСΡȻܹ˵ǡСǡ

ٹ£19231230գ˵񵳷֮ܶ˼ערעؾ¡˵

ν壿򵥵˵ǡСΡϸ˵塢Ȩ塣˼ҪȫȨڱڣһõĹ˼áСΡְ

ľ׶

Щűȿof the people, by the people, for the people룬ʹԼҲǾ׶εġҼΪ֣ԭǣ

Ի֮ҲΪҲ





һ뷨1919ꡰΪУΪΣΪ뷨ͬҲ1921ꡰСΡ뷨ͬҲ1921ꡰΪСΪΡΪ뷨ͬЩűȣ֪ĵĶǡСΡҲǽ񵳿ڿı׼롣

ǣϸ룬ܾáСΡ룬ֻΪ֮룬Լ࣬ȷ㡣ԼУof the people֮Ҳby the peopleҲfor the peopleΪ衱ȷ棬ӽֿϵԭ塣

Ϊʲôأ

˵ˣ

γǲܶ˵ģΪǣ浽ʵֿϵһĳ£Ҫһű࣬Ŀʼ

ΪѰ

Զֿϳǰʮ꣨1795ѧҡҡ˼˹꣨Thomas Cooperйڡۺǰôof ,for䣺

Government of the people and for the people. Some Information Respecting America1795

Զֿϳǰʮһ꣨1798꣩ڶͳԼǵ˹John Adamsйڡۺǰôbyfor䣺

A government made by themselves, for themselves, and conducted by themselvesAddress,to the citizens of Westmoreland Co. Virginia, 1798.

ʮһ꣨1819꣩󷨹ԼЪJohn Marshallڡۺof the people䣺

The government of the Unionthen is emphatically and truly a government of the peopleCase of McCulloch vs. Maryland ,1819. Wheaton, iv, 316.

ʮһ꣨1830꣩˵Τ˹أDaniel Websterڡۺfor the peopleby the people䣺

The people's government made for the peoplemade by the peopleand answerable to the people.Second Speech on Foote's Resolution26 Jan. ,1830.

ʮ1850꣩ѧҡĸˣTheodore Parker)ڡۺof all the people, by all the people, for all the people䣺

The American ideademandsa democracythat is,a government of all the people, by all the people, for all the people.Speech, at the Anti - Slavery Convention, Boston,29 May ,1850.

λ18505˵ģ11£ּ£

A democracy, a government of all, for all,by all.The State of the Nation. Sermon preached 28 Nov. , 1850.

Ժ1854꣩˵

There is the democratic idea thatgovernment is to be of all the people, by all the peopleand for all the people. Address, before the Anti -Slavery SocietyBoston, 13 May, 1854.

ٹ꣨1858꣩ľӣ

Democracy is direct self-government, over all the peoplefor all the people,by all the people.Sermons delivered at Music Hall, Boston, 4 July, 1858.

ű֮£һ۾ͿԿԶֿϸ˹˵ǰʮֿ꣬˵еľӣֿ˵еԣԭԵģ

ݡֿϵһLife of LincolnߺնǣHerndon֤˵ӡһССӽOn the Effect of Slavery on the American People͹һֿϣֿڵҳ˼ǺţֿϵѰ֮£ѾȻҡ

ΪֿĳԭжһΪ˵һ֮ԣǰ˶һ۵Ȩ棬йĹʥˣĹʥิˡѷThomas Jeffersonġlife, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. ۣǹȻˣJohn LockeģĶۣǹȻ˶Thomas Paineģⶼ˴ŵġڶ1860ֿ˵1863Ȼ֮ˣܹ醪ˣҲͷŵˣ˵Ķȫ½ģ19071913ʮࣩ֮

ʵϵһѰֻϵѰѣҪѰԵĸ֮ӢԶ1384꣬Ӣڽ̸ĸҼ桶ʥJohn WycliffeڵԣȻԣֿϼ֪ܲ

Ӧô룿

ǰᵽ˹˵ֿϵĸ˹˵壬ǴӰʦ׼Ƕοյ깤ġֿ֪ƪ˵ľ˵죺ֿϵĳ޲ءֿϣRobert Todd Lincoln1885˵˵ֿȥ˹;Удһžŷⱳġרоȴֿǰ118գˣдڰ׹ʹõһֽϡܵǣֿڻһٸ˵壬Ĭд˵壬˲ͬȴֶ

ǣʮ˸ֵ˵壬ǡ̡̡̡ܶܶܶģ̵ĺôǼҲڴˡΪֿϵԭ壬ȻּŪšˣŪš񵳵ҪΡ

ֿ˵of the people, by the people, for the people룬ΪӢĽṹĲͬͷˡǵģ1916ѧ418յġѧռǡļ¼

٣ԪΣֿϡ˹Gettysburg˵֮The government of the peopleby the peoplefor the people һﵱ뷨ιΪޖ롣Ϊ֮

СԲ١Ϊ֮

Ȼδܵԭ֮Ҳ룺

񡢳񣬶Ϊ֮

βͬķӡ÷ʣReflexive verb֮ΪҲ

ʸоӦáβͬķԣǽӽȷһ㡣

ôжأ

Ҫ׷˵ԭʼˡҪѭֿϵġ˼·֮ãжϳ塣

ǰ˵ֿϵ˼·ˣ˼·עľһΣ1858꣩һΡ˵

Democracy is direct self-government, over all the people, for all the people, by all the people.

over֣ǳԵģthe peopleǡͳ˵ģܸ˼ˣԵģͳ˵ģ˼ˡɼԭʼof the peopleеthe people񣬶ܸǷǳԵġֿϼ˵ϸĶߣֿϵԭʼܸ񣬻

⣬˶ʮǰΤ˹ص˼·ҲдͨΤ˹˵

The people's government made for the peoplemade by the peopleand answerable to the people.

answerable֣ǳԵģthe peopleǡĶˣԵģthe people's governmentͳߵ˼ˡɼǰ׷˼·Ҳ׷ˡ

ǰ׷ٹˣ˼·֮һ¡

186171գֿϾͶʾ

ҿսּҪ֤εǻۡڱ⣬ɵڣǲȨ롣ʧܣͿ֤ûԼ

ԺԹ´ʱ˵

ǵʱ˳ΪѾˣǾ˳Ľ˳һ⻹ûнǾǲǿԺ˳ά֣ᱻǿƷҪ֤ܹѡܹƽҡ

ֿǷԼս֡ġά֡һλ

And this issue embraces more than the fate of these United States. It presents to the whole family of man the question whether a constitutional republic or democracya Government of the people by the same peoplecan or cannot maintain its territorial integrity against its own domestic foe.

λֿȷa Government of the people by the same peopleı﷨ζҵԣofthe peopleǱthe peopleԵģbythe peopleȴthe peopleͬһsameҲǱʱñʱֿof the peopleУofthe peopleǱΪby the people, for the peopleǿƽе˼ǿƽе˼Ϊƽе̬硰СΡ֮࣬δⲻ׵ˡ

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ȷķǰgovernment of the people, by the people, for the peopleof the people˼Ӷby the peoplefor the peopleķֿֿϵԭʼȻΪģfor the peopleѡģby the peopleģof the peopleof the peopleޡСζfor the peopleҲޡζֻby the peopleһ㡰ΡζһΡȴָѡԡáӢʵ䡷˵government by the people, now usu. calledڣֿϵԭȴѡĽֿ186171յ4ۣ֮ڶʾֿΣȴǾѡķġֿԭʼֻǽѷ˵ϹֿϵΰȻպˡˣʵźܿµìѣ顤ʩأRichard HofstadterڡδͳThe American Political TraditionУѾֿ֤֤СһְҵƱʱΪսʱΥΪҲ٢ֿۡϵʣΰ˶Ȼо롣أBertrand Russell˵ѷǡΪ񣬵һӵߡa democrat for the people, not of the peopleֿϵĳȻȽѷö࣬ѧǷȴܿɡ

ֿϸ˹˵ĲףǰѲǶԵȵ˼˶ԵȵġСΡҲӢԭⲻƢܡʹС൱of the peopleҲǡȻ֮ʵʹ൱for the peopleҲǡ֮Ŀġص㻹ǡΡݡһԵȵԼǲ֪˵ֿϵĻ

ģǡСΡڹ˼Ʒ˵һѾˡʮ֮ڣ˹Űѳ֣񲻵ǲܹܹ£ܱ֮ʧܹ˵أġȫΡҪСΡȻܹ˵ǡСǡ

ȻˣΪ֮㣬Լ룬˼ࡢȷķ롣СΡֿ̲ԭ൱塱ȨҲ롰СΡУں˵ɡƽȡ롰СΡˣ񵳽һ˵顱ǡ塱ȨˣѧҲǡ塱ȨˡʵȫǸᡢȫǲ㡰ϡѣȫȱȷĺ塣ΪˣκϷƾ񵳴֮κδʻ㶼ʻȶ֮κ֮ͬͳս֮˵ͳսҲ˵򷨹ͳսҲ˵򹲲ͳսҲ˵ѧʿͳսҲͳսʲôǣҲʲôǡĶһƬҡһƬпգҲȫڴˡ

1939꣬ӢС˵ҰףMichael ArlenƼǡThe Flying Duthman˵

The democratic system which we call the government of the peoplefor the people, by the people, and to hell with the people.

ܹͳãλto hell with the peopleˡԭΪµǰµСΡСΡСΡʮĹ񵳣ĸȴǡ֮ֵǲˣǶЮֿ֮ԶһƬҡһƬпգҪŪˢޣ

198473ճ

ٴά˹A. Powell Davies˵˹꣨Thomas Cooper1795ĶҪһСһ壬һרƱҲģʵҲżʡ룺ڹйʮһʮڣ

Ӣdemocracy֣ʹڶʱҲáϡܷϡܷ϶ûֵĳ֡

۲϶£Charles A. Beardġ͹The Republicһ飬ԶԻַдֿϵΥΪ£

˹ҽôֿϵָֿϵνΥܼѹֶΣôأ

϶£Ҿû˼˵Щ̫Ҫʵϣͷھһܳĵӣдüҳ˹̫̫ڿǸǶһܺƤװЪJohn A. Marshallдʿսй񲻷нʷA History of the Illegal Arrests and Imprisonment of American Citizens during the Late Civil WarްΣ˹̫̫ɷ˹ҽ֣ԸȥһҵһֿϵϡֿϵΪֿ֮£ʩΥܺ͸ѹֶġƩ˵УֿϾʩѹҪѹ᰸ڱܶս൱ԶĵкܶӴֿıֽ༭˵˶нٱַֽͣȻж˱ȷѾǧơ

ֿϵνΥܺ͸ѹʩͳͳһʮΪ˱ۣ˵ǰѶһзֿϵͳͳˣΥʩֿԼһ֪Աֿ岻еģǹҰ˶ֿһϣֿηRoger PryorְϷֿϵξܾһٰ䷢Ǿһ뵽ֿͷϣǣЩνΥܺ͸ѹֶεܷ⻹ֵñ۵ġⱾ൱ӵġ

ղڡʷ˵

1828ѡʱ򣬸ݵͳѡˣ⣬ѾֱѡƶݲѡȨĲƲҲӷſƽܲμѡ١ƽѡٵĽ˵һͳThe People's PresidentʮһĽܿѷJacksonӵ׹һΣʼ˺ЩĸĸѽѷʽĸJeffersonian State Democracies˽ܿѷʽȫJacksonian National DemocracyʹС֮⣬ΪΡ

ע˵

ȨԡɽѷݣռȨ񣬲ӦıĸΪΨһְ𣻵δܹвεԸЩ޺йεʸĿеĹֻСΣʮαˡ

ܿѷΪǴڵ£κˣƶޣӦֱӲμ֮Ȩѡ֮;

ղЩȻΡȥְѡС͡ɶĶԵ˼ⲻ֪ǲӲֶġӲֶǹ񵳺ͳԹˮģ᷸ͬһҾٷϣƽ塷һλΪ

ǽƶȣҲձʵеƶȡʲôأֿͳµĶΪȷ˵Democracy means government of the people, by the people, for the peopleľǣСΡΡԣǵ壬ɷμ˵ȣӦ֪ȨĹ̸⣬ʹʷ֮ףһĶԣһǷȨԣУΪҵȨӦ񣬾˵ǹҵˣΪУֿ˵of the peopleȻȨȨңȨͱ˿¥ˣȨѡȨͰȨֿ˵by the peopleѡȨȻҪѡΪҳϷġΪıĹǷѡĹûʵǵŵԣðȨ֮ԣһʵεĹУھҵҵΪҸֿ˵for the people֮ӦðСΡ壬ȱκһͲܳΪΡ־1982525գ

ϣƽֿԭȣںֿ֪ЦȪй׻˵ĵľʿˡֿϵһ˳ġ˵һӦ˵ɱ񵳺ͳԹˮģ긴һ꣬Գƪۡʣ塱ԡ󸣡۾治ܲ˵ǽˣ

ݹ˶刡йʷ˵ͳֿ֮Իӿ֮һСΡ֮ҲΪȻ֮ʵΪ֮ĿģڽοѧȨչ֮ʱΪϣۡΨһˣڷһ龳죬оֵ֪֮ʡܷĻʶ˵ֿΪСμʹһ͵ΪǰᣬΪΪĿġ֮У֮ǰᣬϵļ裻Ŀģ˹޷רƻͬ׷Ŀꣻ֮ȴǹ᳹ǰᣬĿЧֶΡȨҰеǰĿģεķɳͥû˵Ķ壬򵥵Īֿͳ˵ģΪУΪΣΪҪȴΪΡ־1982615գ

޶ֿ˵ģǮ质ġӢ⡷дƪ壬ǾǮ壬֤ӵģĽͣǮģҵģشķѧҵĽ͹۵㣬Կɶ塣over all the peopleoverҲɲڡͷĽͶͨ񡱻Сһֽͣa government of the peopleУgovernmentthe peopleԿΪϵȵȡ֮ƪּ׿ķϡ޴ϵֿ࣬ϵ˼·ݱ̽ԴӶ֤ԭ岻ķ͹۵ԵġƽеġġЩֿ˵ֲйΪΪιµܺˣʵڲŲźã

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ɽΪͳսߡ

Ť˵ġ

󺣹˶ţʵֻŤѡΪʲôΪһˣ˳ʱڡʱڡ־ʱڵĳʱھΪ׼򣬻仰˵ʵĵǷ켫۶һһı仯ǺܶģסһǷ켫ҼӡŤһΪһһǷ켫ģ˾ʽ˵ϰԣת¶Կ񵳱ս±񵳰ɱѳġѡʵд̸һࡷ196711աѧ硱棩ȴдЩ

һ̶̵һһ䶯⣬ƽģʫѧߵǶտսıһת۵㣬֮ƺǱһˣʫѧ֮⣬ֳ˵ʱһʱʿνġʿս֮һһֱһֱĴδһ棬ҲֻһΣдŸҪΪĵܼܵıһ̷ĵְλԣһγΪʿζ˭̶ֳȣʲôãһŲ֪

ŤһʵΪʵǰһСխˡһСխûųʵԼһСխһʫзʫѧߣǶһɳܵŤǲòԲ𴩵ģ

ν󺣹⡰ѧ̸ᡱȫʵŤһķ档֡ɫСխ󺣹񵳵ΰɾ棬ͻ󺣹ѧ桢йĻ桭Ǻܿɳܵġ

󺣹ͶھȹļĿȺͶʾʮһ˹ӡȡΪĻ֣ΪʮĻս֮һ̨ھ򣬰ѹ񵳵Ļ˸ʹʹ죬󺣹һǷ켫ģûЩǷ켫Ȼν˼󺣹⡢ν߼ѧ󺣹⡣ԣ۶󺣹⣬һʵĵǷ켫۶Ǳˡ

ɳܵǣν󺣹⡰ѧ̸ᡱȫʶߵġԸʽļᣬ治ܲ˵Ťˡˡ

Ϊ˷֤֡󺣹⡰ѧ̸ᡱŤ󺣹һƪҶĿͽ顷Ϊ󺣹Թ񵳣һ˼ҡ

ҶĿͽ

ڡйڶʮʮڷġһ⹫šһңʵƽúܡ벻ž⡣Ļԭ֮һʿܾ˵۵ǵ˼ֻѸл˵ӰͶ䣨projectȥһֵоȺѧ⡣⣬ΪӦѧרȥоԸһµģҶĿ顣

һǷ˵ҵȷҲû˵乧άĻЩʿ仰󺣹Ʋ塱ⲻ֪ʲôʽһ˼뷽ʽδѵ֮˼볣һЩϰԵĸ磬ҡ׼ڡΨľΨ˾ǸˡҪ˵һ䣬ǿִ˼뷽ʽҵġʵķô򵥣ڰ֮лңڰ֮к졢ȡࡢϡΨΨ֮˼úܡڸ֮༶ΡˣôܹӡûйάƶǡƲ𡱣

ȷһ˼ѧ˵ôǶȲӦó֡άֲӦó֡Ʋ𡱵̬ȡǡˡ̬ȣǶ˼ѧ˵̬ȡ˼ѧ˵ֻоԶԴǷеͨ

ڶΪʲôڡˡûᵽ壿һġκгʶ˶ˣĿ壬͵Ľ̻ɮǶڽ̽壬򹲲ͽһġЩͳ֮µǣ壬ֻСŷɡûСԼɡ䲻Ȼͬ¼ӱ濴ֶΪάǼֵǣֿȵμûУҲֻ˶ĳڣȨ֣ͱɴ˼άͳεĹߡ๤ҪһȨԣݵٶԴǴҪ¡ˣ˷Ի壬ôͱʾðȨðȨǴӻ϶ҡͳεԣڹͳ֮£˼뷸һصСȲԸĿΪˣֲԸ˵Υ֮ۡǴνб˼Ĭûᵽ塣ǣʱһλѧʵͷˣΪԸ˵ܻ˵ݡʮӡ

κһ˼ѧ˵ôòŽǹ˱κһ˼ѧ˵Ҫǹ˱ô֤Ǵû˵˼Ҫǹ˱ġ

˵Ըѹ񵳵һѹʴңϿʱڱͳ֮¡ʱǽ顣类һǳΣյ¡ܵطӵ¶߰ҹʱһÿڻȨǿʹŴӣôڱͳ֮¡ġ

ǷͳսߡҵĴ𸴣ǵġ˵һ˼룬ϵ˼ʷ۵ģ˵ͳսߣϵι۵ġߺһı֪꣬пƴһͳ֮ѧ˵˼ӿ롣ʱй֪ʶӣһںʣһץסһʲôȹ˽塢˽塢˽塢˽塭˼ӡˡڡ˼ӡϵľжңɢɽֹ⾰Ǵ塣е塢ȨԿ루three primary categories˼ѧ˵һӳ⣿Ǹ·үҲʮǰʱۣһΰŴΪȷȵʱһ˼߳һҸڹ㺬ԣcomprehensiveness԰ѵʱЩ˼붼ˣˡΪ˼ϵպͼãѾӽĻ̳һһµʶʶ̳֮պΪ˶ƶ룬йִʷĹоߣӦöһʷչһ͹۵Ľ

۱岻ǡͳսߡʲôȻǸʱƺûʣδءʶһ㡣ⲻʵʣ޹ؽҪǲһƹһ룺һͳսߣҾ͹񵳵ķչʷ˳ʱҲͳսúõʱֻɹΪȨգѣΪĪҲİͳսãԺŪôһͿء˾ͳսĴҡͬ˻ͳսĳݹߡǴģͳսǡͳսսڸǺܿ͵ͳս˿սĩڣսذѹ񵳵λܸʴˣŪͳսʧȥЭʧܾʵͳսη塢顣̨񵳵Ѵһĳ·׽ó顢ëΪ

ģӦ뽫һ졣״ܻǿõġȻݺ̳£ʮºͳʵҼ޳ɹ񵳽Ȩưɹ̣Ҽ޳ɹвȨɡʮоŬģֻ֪׿ǣߵ·굽ڹֹ͡͵ķѧ֮עʿѧ·խķѧ׿ǵǷ켫ˡĶأӴ֮ðĶݱ䵽ձԸѹֶιѼÿ»ȥԶμı硣һ֮γɣ˿ܹԴӹ񵳵ͰʥԵԱڣֻŷһ״ֵ̬ǿҵĴƺִͳոѹ֮£аͼĲŻҲʩչġ񵳵֡ʶ̬֮ãԼ˼룬Ҳ塣ϧ

ǿģ֪Լûͽ嵱쾭˼ңǴǰһУ֪ϲڵѱۡȡһֹʿרϵ̬ȣôװ֮ܳ£˵ÿ¡ҷе˼룬ǶܶഫġӼѵʮǰĲƷʮ̫ˣй˵֪ʶҲЩҪʱԶ£ʹǶķȤôһθ졣Ĺִѧ˹ѧص˼Ļѧȵֹ֡һʯˮ⻹Ҫ޴Ĺ̡޴Ḷ́һܽУһЩ˲Դ¡ЩǱѧ֮ʿϣʥ˾Ϳ£гɡʱһոµĿй˼طʡ

󺣹ƪҶĿͽ顷ԭ1960616աйƪ󺣹һǰдһ⹫šй1960516գ⹫У󺣹һλ

̨ѧν̣ʮһͷˡҽ̵ĿĿΣҲʷ߼ѧѧѧණʮһżΪѧĿд£ҲʱѧȥݡЩκνʦڵĹֻҪѧ룬ʦûɾܾġҵдͽڴǰҲûгʲô⡱ǣԴ19581215ҽݡˡԺ󣬡⡱ˡһ7ӣУĿҲΪԼʲôʱϺʹ϶ꡣҽݵݴڡйڶھͬƪУᵽйִ˼Ӱʱֻо˿Ϊ¶ͺ֮λûоٱϵԼֿǡҵЩǶԲԣжֻоѧ˼Ĺ۵ȥſɡԺѧ⡣һλѧʣΪҵʱ˵ϵʮǰͳսߡΪӭϵʱӵ˼ƵģҲʮӡҵȷûƪйάĳʿӲҪ˹άżҵȷҲû˵乧άĻ˵ѹ˼Ȩ⣬벻κɱκ˵ĻʥοЩʮǰķ˵ĳʿȵĲԴԺأÿѧҽݣѵͬ˵Ҳ˵ĿСˡҶԣ¼ƽúܣȥ䡣˥΢ˣʲô˵أ

ȥǲѷ֣󺣹дǧǧ񵳵ĽԺڡйŵǰҹһ˼ҵ͸ڹѵʥͷϣȥࡢȥȻģ󺣹Ϊ⡪붯ܿʧ˵ɡʧˡй׷£Ӧע⵽ʱʿǹ˫ҵһµԿ񵳡һ½˵񵳵ʥҲʱȫԾģڡչԺ˫ҵȴһֲòȻķչȻ۵Ĵȣ޿ɣ鵳Ʒ࣬п飬ǱϾٳ߸ͷûֹͣǰˡڸͷ䣬ʵʣѳľ񣬱ŤΪαΰױˣ

198486Сʱ

ǡ󺣹ʷѵѵܲ޷ĵо֤۵Ĵȱ㡣1919дԱ塷岿֣ûᵽ壬壬Ǵͬ塱ĻЩ1924꡶ݽ塷ӵģʱǹ񵳹õʱͳսʣڴ˿ɵ֤198489գ

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ɽĵڶȤǡŮˡ

Ժʲô

񵳵ӪֳһᡶɽˡʮҳɽȮĻ˵ƽĵһȤǡڶȤǡŮˡȤǡ顱ɼ񵳵ӪɽϲŮ˵£Ȼ⼫ǹ񵳵һ

ɽԡŮˡȤʾԵһ档һֱѵһȤ͵ڶȤŮˡˣеĳ·ˣ´ңǸŮˣеηˣ䣩Ů˼ȻһҵʱΪͬ½֡ʷ̷Ĺ£

ʮ꣬ʴʵбŮʿûСԭΪ衣й಻ЯҾ죬ŮھΪ飬ҿᡣη֮񣬴һз⽨ªϰ˼룬˵ΪΪѵĶϰ˲ô˼롣Ҵƽأ˵ŮھеĹסȴд˼룬⣬ݣδͬ

ɴ˿ɼɽġˡʱ۵ϵ

ƽ˲ԡΪһȤĹ£ڡԺеתڶȤ֣Benjamin Franklinɸ۳֮࣬ѰΪ֣ϣеȴתֵ˶Thomas PaineȴԾΪһȤзߣܵȥ֡δȤ̫խһ㡣ErnestoCheGuevaraҲһڹŰ͸šܲá͡ҵܵάȥ󱻡ۡΧǹһһȤԣڶȤǷ󡰴ͷԲСͷȥɰӣ

Ҳ˶͸ëڵһȤġֹ֪Ӧ֪һȤڳɹԺӦǵġ񡱣¸ĴҵҪΪδɹΪ·ɡ뿿һٸˣʵһֱɫС񡱵ˣܴӵһȤתΪڶȤˣ˶ȥѰϲİߡǲãְҵҿɾͲ̫áһְҵңͻΪһڡڶڡڡĹͳԲӣᷳҲͲڻˡ

1984825ճ

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