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ۡй

йһ壬˵ȻģһЩʷ˸˵ġˣйΡйʷΣʵȫ˽йʷʲôǾ۽磬ҲȫͳйӴʣֻǵ֪խСɣйʷڡƵһѻͬϣǡڡļµǷǳͺñһ̳Ųˣȫ֪ŲۣѴõƣȴֻס顰ˡģ͹ͷֽСɵӴйˣֻһЩСزūСţɲⱻı

ԡˡĵСйˣǲ֪ʮǰġйԳˡSinanthropus PekinensisԹй˵ľ֤ݡѧϣǻˡ롰ɹ֡ϵ෴ģˡͬɱԮΪԴWestern Origin֤ݣΪй屾

й屾ˣ19͵˲Albert Terrien de Lacouperie׺Ӵɡֵ£йĽɡǫʦࡢ̫סƽڡǵĹ۵㣬ڰJ. G. Andersson˷ֵ֤֮£˽һ֧֣йԶĻ硰Ļȣ֮ΪimpactѳΪĽۡ

۵϶ӵǣǲ˽йĶԴԣֻǴһڵխ۾ȥ⡱й壬Ȼų䡣й˵ְϱɣġźѡ֮֡񡣡˵Ϸӳ棻ҡȮѡǼ򣬴Ҳ־ٲʤٵĶۣ׷ǵԭʼڴСĵٳɵġΪӣһֵġйˡáй֮󡱣ֻǴǵСȦȦСϣȥйˡȻϡˡñӣԴƵۣ˵йʷϵһΰˣַȣʷҵֱһսƵȱͬһ壬ƵڶߣߣǵĻΧȽĺϡɽʡôȵĻˮ׼ȻƵۻøߣǱȻƵѧͭ˫ƹƹңˣʮһ̣ҪսɽʡһСأأعϼңСؾǹʷ˵Ȫ¹սڡĻʷҰСطڲʡ¹أӱʡעҰֽͷŵѧ̿ȫǺ֡ƵۺȣԶܵʡȥ̣ǲûֱ죬ҲûйֻǾɽСشȥĿҲܵûСȹ񡱡ûСĿֻŮ̫̫ǿŵĵļ¡ΡֻΪɽظһγء

ǽ죬ѻƵ۽ʱйġƽ⻼ͳһй뿴ⲻǴЦСйǴѺʡһСһͳµĴͳ

ˡͨ͡ݻʸס͡˵ĻƵʱǹԪǰ2694꣬ҲǾǧʮ꣬ҲǺųƵлǧꡣǻǧʷݵǧǰȥǻݵķΧֻںϡɽȵطԭ⡱ĵطڲʣһǼ֮ǿСйй壬ʲôأʱסںϡɽȵصģȻй壬ЩԭģֺγйأЩԭʿǶĵġǾġǰԽġǶġġūġͻʵġɹŵġصǼġެġġġǃkģϵͳİйˡ쨶ˡƳūȺйˣֺγͳͳйأֽǶֿѧġĽǶǲò˵йʷȥͬеʷʷνġġҲáūҲգ֣ġɱȥɱĶ󣬾ʲôӡǵصصйˣ

й˴й

ֵǣɱԼˣǾȻʷϺϱΪӢۡЦЦ˵ë֮еġӢۡνĲɡġػʺ䡱ȵȣʷѧҿȫǲɱͬåʲôӢۡǱսġģȻǵдνغ书ľӣЩ𳤳ǣΪأݱ飬󡱵ıң͡ūɽҰĽ㣬˼ʲôأǲò϶ӡлʼ桱Ƶ£νػʺ䡱Ҳá桱ҲգǵࡰṦΰҵǺųƴ塱ͳһĵġṦΰҵͳͳֵǻɣǧлʷϣ1840ѻƬսӢȴǵļ⣬1840ǰƵۼԪԪǰ2694Ժǧʮѹûʲôν塱ûʲôĵǶйˣ

ģǶйˣСνġ塱Ϲҡ塱ķͶ壬Ҳ򳶵ĳͬһٸġڵܳ۹Уɽ֮Ŀ׷ӣǵصصġ塱ʱܡˣһˣܳڣɽְѺ￴ɡ塱ν֮أ֮ԭֱˡ塱ʱҲɽ˵ƨɵ£Ҳǡ塱ˣϷչĴ˿ɡ塱νҹԴ󡱵ڿ໰˵ġһӵﻻԺҲͬ˦ĵҵñӣԹ˵̬ⶥñӣһ塱Ჴ˵ͷϡ

Щ˵Ȥġĵұ׼ı仯ʹǿĹ۵¼йʷйԶʹʾĲܷĻͬۼһλͬյسسʱȫͬ˶ĺеľ⣬ԼԽ֡ҵһ֣ڶλͬǺϱһθĻͬūصǼĵȵȣ׷״ʿ´֣λͬƵԪͻʡŮ棬ֱɹţйһµͬļ¼ĴԺֱ׷ӵŮ޸ӣйͷʷʵһĻ

Ĵδͬڿ׷Ůһ⣬йʷϲûү̵̫ڵ裬ȻڵʱжˣǴѧ־ǻ

ǣֲǵĹ˲ףԾĵ֮Ȼڱϲ˵ǣһܿЦìܱ㷢ˡìǣĺˣԺĻʵǣǵѪԵԵµġĵҡӣĩ³ʷɷҲáŻҲգҲУǵͦѳڣɣδеźĩѳʿѳڵɲǡºˡˣĹ̷ġʥϡһ嶨µġˡ

ֹǡʥϡͱѳʿԼҲ˸ұ֤ǡһϵġƵҲ˸ұ֤ǵڶλͬʱδɧšǵѪ棬ԡࡱûζ

˵İְ

ͱѳʿǣԴӵйεĻͬǰ֮˲ȵй˵ǻǡˡȣܻǡ˵İְ֡أ

йˣȥܷˡ˵İְ֡⻹ʲôҵһλѣй̫̫˾ЦJohn Alvin BottorffңֽС˾ЦΪԶй˾ŷεһ֧Ȼ˾һ֧˾ܲһ֧ѻҲɳߡһ֤ݰɣ

йʷĻˣǵ󱯾磬ҲǲᳫĻɳ塱ȴƴᳫᳫɳ塱ȴƴᳫأǳò˵ġĻˣȴÿ׵ġ塱׼ƣԴﵽұӡЧ˵

ԣйʷϣ˺¦⣬󶼶νĵҡˡ塱𡢡Ļнķûɫǲûɫй˷˶˵֮Ľ峯ɳȥѧ׼롰ӡͨ顪˵ġ塱𡢡Ļн壡

ΰй壬ڡ塱Ĺ֣СɣʵǺܿɾ£ǺܸǡĻĻغƵ¡ǲòʾźҶЩǲ͡ȥġӡѦƽġսʩıġݶñʾǸ⡣

йûС塱

ΰйڡ塱ֵС壬йûг֡塱У塱һڶΣָˣ

ǹ塣йݵǼ壬йֻм壬ûй塣һֻм壬ûй塣й˶ڼŽǳǿΪ㶫еˣƲǲϰݡⶼΪ̫ԵʡΪģԱ˵ڹңûһξ߼ȥģйŽֻܼѣûŵ塣

ڼ⣬һģϺΪƵ壬ǿɽ塱ĩʱһ֡׼塱ӣʵԴżģһӾ͡塱԰еġϻᡱΪϻԴʼڿʱµĺбɱʱǷǷ壻硰ϻᡱϻᡰ塱øĳǬ¡ʱˣţͬԺҪԭһǲʧҵ桰塱ЧЧúģŷ߶塱ġ԰ġ塱˼룬һô̡ôʷԨԴʵǰһɺҲʵǰ꣨1904ɽдͬ۸뱣֮Ұ顷ָţΪ֮мᣬ֮ϸָпڡ塱УҲһٱʾ

ںᵳ࣬кϻᣬ¹ԭּǷ帴ģΪеԺǾ͹黯ʵר뱣ҵİȫĻᵳȥ޻ʵۣһ¿֤йȫˡ

λʮָС׼塱޶ȡ޶ȣ꣨1919ɽԪ۱ʷ顷˵ø壺

ʷǰࡷᣬڴ⣬ͬᣬԵĩּڸ֮߼ڲ֯Ϊרƣ׼ϣڹԭȨ壬Ըźδţڹ͸ϵʵǳΪܻᵳʷӲʷУ绮Ȼɣϣע⼰֮Ҳ

ΪɽΪ˽޶ȣ1915꣨꣩ġͨŸΪл֧ԡһӡʸ׵һۣ²Ȩ츲ĿģȫѴ⻰˵ʮǰйͬ˻ԡνġ²ʹǡȫѴˣǲǿ塱һˡ

˽ؽ1912꣨Ԫ꣩228ŵġʱͳóġƪﱾᵽϺɻزΪһңԹáͬʱҪȫó򡱡ּأ˵˸СĿģȫѴָʲô

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ǣνĿģȫѴζš塱ġȫѴϧһҪķּʣʱ죩ļйˣ˽⡣ɽ꣨1919д塷УһΪ̾˵

ҹԺƸȨ֮ѴĿӣ֪ߣڸɹ֮Ϊɡء干֮˵ŴӶ֮峯֮һƷԱ֮ɫ죬Ϊл֮졣

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⸴㸲ֻﵽ֮һĿĶѡӴ˵ŬͽԴ֮ĿҲĿΪΣ嵱ѪͳʷԴ֮ƣɡء֮ԳϣΪһ¯ұ֮Գһл֮壬֮Ϻڡʮ֮񣬶ұһ֮֮壬˹Ϊ֮ĿҲƺգ֮ͬ壬֮壬Ϊ֮жԷл壬ñܼŷΪ֮ڣ˹еȻҲ٣

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ѽǣƤɫغڰֵ֮ģɽĿؽһ£οͬһɫƤµĺɻزأɽؽѲİ˽⣬Ҳһ㡰Ļɳ塱й˽⣬ֻ۾Ϲ£˵塱أǿбµġ塱ɽġ塱Ҳκѧϵġ塱ǵصصϣʽġԽšֿ̡ɴ塱йϷǵġۡſ־֢

ġ塱ĻռĿ꣬д塷˵ǡ־Ϊ顱ġɽ˵

֮ΧѪͳڽΪߣʷϰΪߣԡΪߣԶӣȻ֮巶Χ־ΪҲʿ֮壬ն֮Ҳ߸ѪͳʷҲԻǴɽ´ͬϰɽԽȣģɣΣͬӦͬ϶ʿ֮ɽǶΪһʿ֮塣֮־ΪͼֱȨ֮䱾֮ա⡢Ҳ֮壬˺ŷ֮ұΪһ¯ҲԷźū֣֮֮֮ͬΪһΰǿ֮壬ΪȨ֮Ԫ档ά֮ƽ˵֮꣬ϧ֮ǮĿ֮ߣ֮֮Ҳ

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ǳԵģɽᳫġ塱ģйûжŬ׷ġɽǣͿйͳû塱ȱݣ̫ðƵ塪סеĸеȱݺףʹָժ˵

лߣ֮壬֮壬֮ͬҲȻȻһ֮δҲ

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йеֻֻۣۣܽðƵ塣

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ʮʹйڽķǴһй֪ʶѧƶȡ뼼աֻǰ£ЩЩйڽ

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Щ֪Զڵʱ粢Ψһģӷҵ⣬ӹ⵽ȡ񻸡ѦɡңйĹУйشӰ졣ΪµĵλȽҪӰоԡ

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µġ˶УҽѧõĿɼˡĿעصյķΧ൱㷺ġ²ڹעյĹ㷺չйķչҲ磬۵ҽԺCollege of Medicine for Chinese, Hong Kong۴ѧǰʽҪˡʱ¾ͻűʾͬ⡣1889꣨ʮ꣩ۡ³China Mailϣǳţ֮֡ѧʱ˵

ҽԺԺִ̨

飬ϤΪԺˣ˾ܽ޸֣ԺڣΪСףԺƾ٣ûɹ֪ϰҽѧڹԺߣԼʮʮ˶ȣ⣬ҽѧÿѧ֮ѧͬעأǵ˽ϣηǲˣʹϲ֢׼ҽϣڸ֮ȷҲ

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Ǵעڿѧԭ֮ջ񣬼Ա֤䲹ڽѧѧо֮㣬ʹʶɺڰΪҫҽѧݼһ֮ʹѧ֮棬մйҽѧ֮ʵҲ

Ժ֮ƻʱܻ³ۣ޿ߣɹԺѧ֮ΪйؽܻףԺԼ㲻֮ʹԤƻ裬佫ԤҲϣǩڸƬ֮ϡϣ졣ר˲

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ţһйʿдŵĹ̬ն˵滰൱塣־壬ʱҽԺĽ񳤿裨James Cantlieҳޡ1892꣨ʮ꣩ҽԺһҵϣһ˵Ҳڡ³

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֡ͽΨᴬ֮᱾ͼĩĻǶԵʱ˶һѪһʮ֮ڣԿɽԶҲһһƤëʺϵһ

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֪Ⱦڡ顷Уһһ񱾵Ҫǧٰ߰ʮֵɽᵽ

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ЩٲʤٵĿ϶֣ɽ˵ֻ·㡣ۣһУҲ֪˵˶١־һӣ1905꣨ʮһ꣩7£ձ˵йӦ蹲͹ָܹȡˣûʲôס˵

˵йʱĸȡˣԼһѧ˵ǰԸжʸ𣿴˵ȻǴʱ˰ٳִӺδѧ˵ִӺδԸһȫĶҡ٣ʮȻӡСйʱĸĸȡˣǸҪйȡġ

ֶġȡɽȫ֮ʿĿˣ˵

й˵йǧܺãϸĸڽҲòãҪȡˡ

϶Ǻ׼ȷд𣿲Ǻ׵ָйǧСá

йڵãȡ˵֮಻תΪǿ׾Ϊ¡ֵ

ΪеǡеֻǡַҰǡ¡롰ɡĸֲͬͬĳͻйʷϵģõӾšɽ˵ʮ꣨ʮ꣩ڡȨ塷彲УŵĻ

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ԴǴʧԺйһ˼˱֪ҪйǿʢҪйܹѩ֮˵ִ裬±ǷЧɣʿѧҪѧһϵ¶Ҫѧ

ǵ˼УɨһҪǡйľеġ˼롱ᵽ˼롱ʻ㣬׷ƲǴģǱˣɽɽ꣬ڡٸũ۽顷ȷ֮˼ĸ̾һжʽġ塱һıʾʹԪġ۹η塷˵Уɵ֤

˼롱һ֢֡XenophobiaĲжǳ׵ġ⡱ɽ֡⡱˼룬Ѿ˵ܶࡣԶԪԪʱͳְԡҪ֮һϴȥ֮ͬ9£д顷ŦԼġ̫New York Sun, Sept. 24 1912Ҳ֤й⣻⣬ӭĴʿˡʱҺͿѧҡͬһ꣬ٵҲʹⱩҪЩԵķԡ˼롱ʾЩ֤ݣ˵ɽ͵ʱɽ쵼֮µĹ񵳣ԡ˼롱һʾйǧǡáģҪȡˡ

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׷ɽЩԡ˼롱϶ЧּأǲγЩصʷԶ1897꣨ʮ꣩ɽӦӢŴѧѧҵԶ˹Herbert Allen Giles֮룬дһƪ̵ġԴԴ˵ʮʱ򣬾͸ȥģʱ뿪磬ʼ֮棬׺֮Ľѧ֮ģ֮롱ɴ˿ɼɽĽѧ֮ġʮͿʼˣʮԺĵԺIolani CollegeԺOahu College۵İңDiocesan HomeԺQueen's CollegeݵĲҽԺCanton Hospital۵ҽԺThe College of Medicine for Chinese, Hong KongӢ˰ѧУʮ䣬ǺڵѧЩʹɽݣͬйĸ־ʿΪЩ־ʿ̫סˡνʡΪȵȣʱ򣬻ûеü֮棬׺֮Ļᣬǵصصġӡжġ˽⡱ȫǼӵģִǴʿӡ򡰶ˡĶֻǲİѡ˽˶٣ʹл۸ϡ̩ĳ̶ȺͽҲǳޡ

ֽȻͬķҰ£ɽݵĶأȻʹ֪׺֮ľȹȹĵ

ǡ̩֮ѧߢȡ̩֮ѧߢȡ֮ʿߢȡĴġ̩֮ѧ

ɽʮУʮڹȹʮУλأ˵Ǽ·ֶ顣ľʱ䣬ʶʿΣ磬õʵķʢǿġֻҪϸɽȫ̽Ľ״Ǳɷ֣ļأʿϻ洦ɼٲʤ١Ϊֽ֤ۣصһ£һһоɽͽηǣʿ빬ءʮ仨Ρжġɽȡ̩֮ѧΪ֮΢ĻǾͲò˵λɽѵĻ١֪ġûˣ

ɽᵽ///ұ/б

1Hendrick Christian Anderson/20//̼/ʵҵƻ¼

2Roger Bacon/13/Ӣ/ѧҡѧ/塷Ľ

3̸John Earl Baker/19//̼/ʵҵƻ¼

4͹Mikhail Aleksandrovich BakuninͿ/19//μҡѧߡ/Ȩܷ塷Ľɹ˲Ҫɡ

5ڸPierre Eugene Marcelin Berthelot/19-20//ѧ/ѧ˵

6ʿOtto Von Bismarck اʿ󡱣˹󡱣ʿ󡱣/19//μҡѧ/塷͢Ϊ֮ܳɡй⡷ѧ˵ڶ¡Ȩ塷ġ彲

7Henry Arthurs Blackܶ/19-20/Ӣ/μҡѧ/ܶ״ⶩƽ³ת̸޳顷

8ϿˣJean Joseph Charles Louis Blanc/19//ʷѧҡ/֮ɱ

9ǣMichael Borodin, ͢/19-20/̫/μҡѧ/ʡ˰֮ġҪԱɹרӳɹƪֻںࡶȫ֮ڵԱȫ岻һˡ

10ֱJohn William Burges/19-20//μҡѧߡѧҡ/Ȩܷ

11ԼJoseph Caillaux/19-20//μҡѧ/й⡷

12裨James Cantlie/19-20/Ӣ/ҽѧ/׶رʱ֮򡷡׶رѼǡѧ˵ڰ¡ʱͳְ¿躯ʱͳ󸴿躯л˺

13Alexis Carrel/19-20//ҽѧҡѧ/ѧ˵һ

14ĵϣGeorge Cavendish/16/Ӣ/ҡѧ/׶رѼǡ¼

15ǣEnrico Caviglia/19-20//¼/ʵҵƻ¼

16ϲ˹ޣLord Hugh Richard Heathcote Cecilϣ˹塱/19-20/Ӣ/μҡѧ/Ȩܷ֮Ҫ޸³֮˵Ȩܷ

17ŲףJoseph Chamberlain/19-20/Ӣ/μҡѧ/й⡷

18ʿһCharles /17/Ӣ/Ԫ/Ȩ塷һ

19ʿڶCharles /17/Ӣ/Ԫ/Ȩ塷һ

20ҮգJesus Christ/ǰ111/̫/ڽ̼/֪ס񵳷֮ܶ˼ערעؾ¡塷

21ᣨGeorges Eugene Benjamin Clemenceau󡱣/19-20//μҡѧ/ѧ˵ڰ

22Robert Clive/18/Ӣ/μҡѧ/й⡷塷

23¶George Douglas Howard Cole/19-20/Ӣ/ѧҡѧҡС˵/⼰֮

24ӶArchibald Ross Golquhoun/19-20/Ӣ/ҡм/ѧ˵

25ײChristopher Columbus/15-16///й⡷ʵҵƻ

26Oliver Cromwell/16-17/Ӣ/Ԫ/Ȩ塷һ

27Alfred Cunningham/19-20/Ӣ//ݷлǰʷʮһ¡ŷ־ʿ֮ϵ

28٣Georges Jacques Danton/18//μҡѧ/Ȩ塷Ľ

29ģCharles Robert Darwin/19/Ӣ/ѧ/ʱѧӦ¡֮ɱѧҪ־²١ѧ˵¡ʵҵƻۡ塷ڶ

30ѸDaniel Defoe or Daniel De Foe/17-18/Ӣ/С˵ҡۼ/֮ɱѧ˵ڶ

31ѿTheophile Delcasse/19-20//⽻/й⡷

32ĦأDemocritus/ǰ5-ǰ4/ϣ/ѧ/ѧ˵

33John Dewey/19-20//ѧҡѧ/ѧ˵

34ʿ̣Benjamin Dismeliʿ/19/Ӣ/μҡѧߡ/ѧ˵

35Paul Doumer/19-20//μ/ǰ꽫¸ͬ־ѧ˵ڰ

36廪ߣEdward VII»ߡ/19-20/Ӣ/Ԫ/й⡷

37˹̹Albert Einstein/19-20/̫/ѧ/塷һ

38˼William Ellis˹/18-19/Ӣ/ڽ̼/ѧ˵ڶ

39裨Richard Theodore Ely/19-20//ѧ/ȫ·л֮⡷

40ٱȶEmpetocles/ǰ5/ϣ/ѧ/ѧ˵

41ȵ£Marie Madeleine Pioche de La Vergne La Fayette/18-19//¼/֧֮

42㣨Ferdinand Foch/19-20//¼/¶ƺӦ硷

43أHerny Ford/19-20//ҵ/塷һ

44Francois Marie Charles FourierҶ/18-19//ѧ/֮ɱ

45Friderich the GreatҴۡ/18/³ʿ/Ԫ/й⡷

46ʵأMohandas Karamchand Gandhi/19-20/ӡ/μҡѧ/塷彲

47أGiuseppe Garibaldiﲨء/19//μҡѧ/˾

48ߵҵArmand Gautier/19-20//ﻯѧҡҽѧ/ѧ˵

49ΣDavid Lloyd George·Ρ/19-20/Ӣ/μ/д塷

50ΣHenry George׿λκΡΡ/19//ѧҡѧ/θ֮˼Ժƽ֮ɱѧ˵ڶ¡֮취

51Զ˹Herbert Allen Giles˹/19-20/Ӣ/ѧ/Դǰʮ꣩

52ŵŵFrank J. Goodnow/19-20//ѧҡѧ/طΪ֮ʯѧ˵¡Ȩ塷һֶ塶Ȩ塷һ

53ǣCharles George Gordon/19/Ӣ/¼/ƾ˼Ҫ塷֮˵Ȩ塷һ

54˵ôۣPeter the Great/17-18//Ԫ/й⡷

55ףEdward Grey/19-20/Ӣ/⽻/й⡷

56ϲCharles Hagerϲʦ/19-20/ʿ/ڽ̼/ݷʷڶŷҮս֮

57ˣDouglas Haig/19-20/Ӣ/¼/¶ƺӦ硷

58Richard Burdon Haldane/19-20/Ӣ/μҡ¼ҡ/й⡷

59٣Alexander Hamiltonֶ١ܶǡܶǡ/18-19//μҡѧ/Ȩ塷Ľ

60յ£Sir Robert Hart/19-20/Ӣ/⽻/塷

61ԼJohn HayԼ/19-20//μҡ⽻/йķ

62ϣ˹Von Heidenstam/19-20//ˮר/ʵҵƻڶƻ

63Tomas Erskine HoIlandڡ/19-20/Ӣ/ѧ/׶رѼǡ¼

64ϣEvariste Regis Huc/19//ʿм/ѧ˵һ

65ղJameson/19-20//̼/ʵҵƻڶƻ

66ڻThomas Jeffersonѷѷ/18-19//μҡԪ/Ȩѧ˵Ľ

67Լ˹٣Harry Hamilton Johnston/19-20/Ӣ/⽻/й⡷

68ԼǣJoshua/ǰ13/ɫ//й顷

69ʮKarl /17-18//Ԫ/й⡷

70˹Alexandorovitch Feodrovitch Kerenskii˹/19-20//μҡѧ/ҪԱɹרӳɹƪֻںࡶȫ

71John L. KerrԼ/19-20//ҽѧ/׶رѼǡ

72³ؽPeter Kropotkin/19-20//ѧҡרҡѧҡ/Ȩܷɹ˲Ҫɡ

73Jean Baptisete Lamarckˡˡ/18-19//ѧ/ѧ˵

74ʹ̣Pierre Simon Marquis de Laplace˹/18-19//ѧҡѧ/ѧ˵

75Homer Lea/19-20//¼ҡѧ/ϵԭ֮¼ƻѧ˵ڰ

76William Edward Hartpole Lecky/19-20/Ӣ/ʷѧ/ֶ塶Ȩ塷һ

77ʫGottfried Wilhelm Baron Von Leibniz or Leibnitzȡ/17-18//ѧҡѧҡμ/ѧ˵

78Nikolai Lenin/19-20//μҡѧ/֮ڵԱȫ岻һˡ塷ġ

79棨Ferdinand Marie Vicomte de Lesseps˹/19//̼/ѧ˵

80ֿϣAbraham Lincoln/19//ѧҡԪ/й֮ǰ;ŬΪȨԾȨ֮סȨ򡢡й⡷д塷־ʡʮʮաѵ֮֮͡취Ա塷Ϊ֮ߡ¹ҵʵ塷˾Ҫ˸ȹ񵳷֮ܶ˼ערעؾ¡Ȩѧ˵

81ְٿˣPaul M. Linebarger/19-20//ѧ/ְٿˡй͹Sun Yat Sun and The Chinese Republic

82·ʮģLouis /17-18//Ԫ/Ȩѧ˵һ

83·ʮLouis /18//Ԫ/Ȩѧ˵һ

84·ɯMarie Louisa/18-19///й⡷

85Charles LyellĶ/18-19/Ӣ/ѧ/ѧ˵

86˹Thomas Robert Malthus˹˹/18-19/Ӣ/ѧҡѧ/֮ɱ塷һ

87Patrick Mansonѷ/19/Ӣ/ҽѧҡȴѧ/׶رѼǡ

88Guglielmo Marconiᡱᡱ/19-20//ѧ/֮ɱ

89ĦѷGeorge Ernest Marrison/19-20/Ĵ/м/й⡷

90William Alexander Parsons Martin/19-20//ڽ̼/ȨܷıҪȨѧ˵彲

91˹Karl Heinrich Marx˼/19//ѧҡѧ/֮ɱ֮˵塷һĽȨѧ˵Ľ塷һ

92ᣨWilliam McKinley/19-20//Ԫ/й֮ǰ;塱

93ЪRobert Michels/19-20//μҡѧ/ͬ־лԷӵΪΨһ顷

94գJohn Stuart Millա/19/Ӣ/ѧҡѧҡѧҡ߼ѧ/ѧ˵¡Ȩѧ˵ڶ

95ºĬ£Mohammed/6-7//˹̽/塷һ

96Ī³ˣHelmuth Karl Bernhard Graf Von MoltkeĦѿ˲/18/³ʿ/Ԫ˧ѧ/Ӧʱսѧ

97»James Monroeޡ/18-19//Ԫ/塷й⡷йķ޸³֮˵塷ڶ

98ϵ˹楂Charles Louis de Secondat baron dela Brede et de Montesquieu/17-18//ѧҡμҡѧ/й֮ǰ;Ȩܷ֮Ҫд塷޸³֮˵Ȩܷ

99ĦMulkern/19-20/Ӣ/ѧ/ŷʱ⾴㺯

100صһNapoleon Bonaparte or Napoleon /18-19//Ԫ/͢Ϊ֮ܳɡӦʱսѧ򡷡ط֮Ρй⡷ѧ˵ġ¡塷ġ彲Ȩѧ˵Ľ

101صNapoleon /19//Ԫ/Ϊս渴ѧ顷塷彲Ȩѧ˵Ľ

102ζˣIsaac Newtonţ١Ŧ١/17-18/Ӣ/ѧҡѧҡѧҡѧ/ѧ˵¡塷ĽȨѧ˵

103루Robert Owenġŷġ/18-19/Ӣ/ѧҡѧ/֮ɱ

104˼Bernard Palissyܡ/16//ҵҡѧҡѧҡѧ/ѧ˵

105˹ࣨLouis Pasteur˹¡/19//ѧҡùѧ/ѧ˵ڶ¡ѧҪ־²١塷Ľ

106ˣHenry Patrick/18//۱ҡμҡѧ/Ȩѧ˵ڶ

107ǣJohn Joseph Pershingˡ/19-20//¼/¶ƺӦ硷

108ͼPlatoжࡱ/ǰ5-ǰ4/ϣ/ѧ/ѧ˵¡Ȩѧ˵ڶ彲

109粨ޣMarco Poloޡ/13-14//̽ռҡ/ѧ˵¡֪ס

110Henry Pottinger¶Ӷ顱/18-19/Ӣ/⽻/Ȩѧ˵һ

111³Pierre Joseph Proudhon³³/19//ѧҡѧ/Ȩܷ塷Ľ

112ɶWillie Cox Redeld/19-20//μҡѧ/ʵҵƻ¼

113£Thomas H. Reid19-20/Ӣ//ݷлǰʷʮһ¡ŷ־ʿ֮ϵ

114ǶʩPaul S. Reinsch/19-20//⽻/ʵҵƻ¼

115񼣨Matteo Ricci/16-17//ڽ̼/֧֮

116޲أHenry Martyn Robert/19-20//¹̼/ݽ롶׷ɽ˵˼죬ŷʱһRobert's Parliamentary LawңҪ˵й˿ᷢԣ޷Ȿ齫õġҺû룬ԼġȨԭҴƽտսʱʧˡ־ݻƼ½Ĺϵ˵ԼǰãɽɽʱҲڵصĸشͬձʡһخһȻҺ˵һ¹ϵɰΪҪνȨһҪأҲεĻǱ뽨һǵĸܳɹһ˵һ´ȡһ齻ңҪҺخģԱӡУҽӹһԭ޲أRobertдġ֮򡷣Parliamentary Rules & Orderһ顣ʱıʮ࣬ȴδоһǵҪȻҪǷ飬ҲΨΨӦˡΪǣ̫࣬ղѴģʵһźʵҲ֪һҪԼ죬عϺȻְҡ˵㷭Ǳ޲ص֮飬ѾûУҶ˵ΪæҲʱ䣬û֡˵֪㲻ӴһԼһڴˡһ˵һĳȡһɾ͵ĸ屾Ȩ֮һʱлȨὨƴǺõġ롢Ƽ½д󣬴ǲ֪Henry Martyn RobertȷPocket Manual of Rules of Order for Deliberative Assemblies1876棬1915޶档

117ޣJohn Davison Rockefellerա/19//úʹ ҵҡʱ/йʵҵηչʵҵƻƻ˾

118ֿWilliam Woodville Rockhillֿ/19-20//⽻ҡѧ/塷һ

119˹Theodore Roosevelt˹/19-20//Ԫ/й ֮ǰ;塷ȨԾȨ֮ס

120¬Jean Jacques Rousseau¬ɧ/18//˼ҡҡѧ/й⡷д塷Ȩѧ˵һĽ塷һ

121أBertrand Arthur William Russell/19/Ӣ/ѧҡѧҡ/塷

122ɳ£Edward McChesney Sait/19/Ӣ/ѧ/ȨȨδԭ˻ϵJames Arthur SalterΪӢѧҡ

123˹ࣨRobert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne Cecil 3d marquess of Salisbury/19-20/Ӣ/μ/׶رѼǡ

124̺˹£Gerhard Johann David Von Scharnhoretɳ׻˹¡/18-19/³ʿ/¼/й⡷

125ĦEdward Hobart SeymourĪǡĦᶽ/19-20/Ӣ/¼/Ȩѧ˵彲

126ɭBertram Lenox Simpson/19-20/Ӣ/⽻/й⡷

127˹ǵAdam Smith˹ǵǵ˹ܡ/18/Ӣ/ѧҡѧҡѧ/֮ɱѧ˵ڶ¡ʵҵƻ

128ףSocratesոס/ǰ5-ǰ4/ϣ/ѧ/ѧ˵

129ʷɳBaruch or Benedict Spinoza˹ŵɳ/17//ѧ/ѧ˵

130˾George Stephensonʷ˾/18-19/Ӣ/ҡѧ/֮ɱ

131˹մ£T. L. Stoddard/19-20///塷塷ֻᵽǡһλѧߣһרɫֵ𡱣ΪThe Rising Tide of Color߼ˡ

132˹Harriet Beecher Stowe/19//С˵/Ȩѧ˵

133ѣWilliam Howard Taftѡѡ/19-20//Ԫ/ȨԾȨ֮ס

134ڣChesuey Tuncan/19-20/Ӣ//ݷлǰʷʮһ¡ŷ־ʿ֮ϵ

135άAlexandra VictoriaάŮʡ/19-20/Ӣ/Ů/й⡷

136»ضFran Cois Marie Arouet de Voltaire̩̩¡/17-18//ѧҡ˼/ʱ

137ʢ٣George Washington/18//¼ҡԪ/׶رѼǡԴѧ˵¡ 񵳷֮ܶ˼ערעؾ¡Ȩѧ˵ƾ˼Ҫ塷

138أJames Wattء/18-19/Ӣ/ҡѧ/֮ɱ

139˹ʿWestminster/19-20/Ӣ/ʱ/й֮ǰ;

140ȷ˹D. F. Wilcox/19-20//ѧ/л֮Ȩѧ˵

141һFriedrich Ludwig Wilhelm /18-19//Ԫ/й⡷

142Maurice Williamʿ/19-20//ѧҡѧ/塷һ

143ΤʿAlfred WillisΤʿ̡/19-20/Ӣ/ڽ̼/л̸ᡶ̡

144ѷThomas Woodrow Wilson/19-20//Ԫסʷѧҡѧ/1918긴Ԫ۹顷֮취塷Ľ

145أJames G. Wood/19-20/Ӣ/ѧ/׶رѼǡ¼

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̸Żߣ˿ϳϽйǸ壬˿ϳ徫и֮ҪǷ·ΪӲͷƤ۾ˡ˼塢ӿĳĳƣԾȹ֪֮˷壬ڻءΪ̰Ȼ֤֮Σ֮˲ٵʿᳫʲô٣һȻʵΪ߾٣һߵһйȻΨ䲻ϳϽйǸ࣬ūʮ㣬ϲߵŸߵ֮Ч϶ñ鿩ܻܿ߿ȵȻࣩʴ˸ߵǸߵܳΪʵΨ䲻ϳϽйǸ࣬аߵӯӯ١ֱŹѧּʲôʡ⡱١һĶû˸Ȼ޳һŷйŷйˣû˾ŷй֮ɹ󡣴йΪһϣ޴˵

ŷй֮ɹԶ׼ʵڲ˵䡣ɽ֮йˣڡͽڣ˵ˣȻ콫ΰҲΨ߳ɻʮɵӣǲˡҹۣ۶͡ߣʮ֮йˣ߾ųɰŷ֮йҲ۴˴ɽ£֪Ҳɽգɽųִ֮ӲɣӵȵȲ˵ʧִ֮ϣ򴩴Ȼϴ㣬ϴƤЬϣƤЬ϶ԲȥҲǶw𣬲ҲǶw𡭡ˣɸ¼˷һʮ֮й˵дնΣأȴȺУһ׻ʫ˱ͣǾųɰŷ֮йˣ׿ˣ˵ʮ֮й˶첻ʹŷһ֮ϣ䡢ۮδдҲˣеһӡ󣬼̫٣ŷй֮ɶҲ

ȻҪĹڡ屰ӵ̱⫵ܶп㴵̱ҡ˸Դķ񡱣ĻȻҪп˸βˬˬж֢֮Ը֮ʩһʹ֮п󻼾ҵ˸й֮ңȫϴ۹̫£ԡūܡӹʶʱ롢ȿ񣬽ϴ۹֮νйΪҲһδɥ֮Դһ֢֮ΪΨˬˬ콲ŷ֮һѡ

Ǯͬۡʮ֮йˡ

Щþ׵䣬ɽдɽ˵ԱĬеࡣνɽйˡȻ˵ϡйˡָɽûй˵Ļëԡūܡӹʶʱ롢ȿ񡱡ɽˣûСϴ۹෴ģһŷ׿Խִ˰йˡ

Ǯ֪ͬⷬǡʹĻǲ𾴵ġЦĻڡõš413գ˵

ʣʮ֮йˡͲФ֮Ыη֮绢ǡҿѰѰȻֵȻһ£òϹֻšǡ֮޿֪ģǾŪʥ֪Ǵ棡ǳԷΪԵ̫࣬˲ĶԵʣθǱԱ͡衢кΡһҩƷʹкйǸָǡ֮޿֪ġƶһ˴˻ԼĬĿνȵȣͬأЩʱΪĸƺ֪ʶĽЩĿëˡˣж֮ͽѳڣǱ졢ʡǹڣЩ˵Ŀ˺ơ̤գҲǸָͲŪʥ֪ˡйĸʵмңΨɽ֪塣Լ˼룬ʱʱġΪ11894µţ21906122ڶ񱨼Ԫף˵񱨡ʮڣ31918ġѧ˵41924ġݽ¼Щܿɿʮ֮˼ʱʱΪԼ˼ʱʱܹԸΪҵԸΪҵˣǡʮ֮йˡͲФ˽ģǶΪУǶʹ޸¸йи֮˿ûյ֮ЧԸɻǸࡣ

ص˵൱ȻǸĸﲻɡνĸߣֻһ·ͨνΨˬˬŷ֮һѡҼνŷȫִ֮Ļŷ˽Уŷŵ磬˼ȲʡɡΨƴȥ׷λ磬ڶʱ֮ڸϣˣȻǰЦУ졣򲻿⣬Σǰ̣޼ν˹֮񡱣ҲַԵ̬ȣ˵ԵҶȫͬ⡣ΪһҪйģҿīԵˣġ⾴㡢ʡԪˡ

Щ֪ɽΰһۣҲҵһЩ֤1913ġҵ֮ࡷСǿԿʱжɽһȫҲ˽⣻ʮ꣨1937ְ֣Paul Myron Anthony Linebargerɵѧ˵The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-senҲԿΪɽй˵ĳɷֲand because he was not Chinese enoughЩ֤˵ǡ顱ɽ˵Ƕɽΰһ˽⡣ΪɽˣκνǶ񱻳ΪӢˡthe most civilized Englishman˹Havelock EllisģԱΪġˡӰˣ



ɽ׿Խ˵ķ緶Щ緶Ȼѧ濴࣬Щ⣬ԾһЩɽʵ֤ɽйһס

һƳ

ǡйˡӵİϷʲǩˮһ࣬˶šɽʮʱ򣬴ӹѼ硰żٻְżԱߵġ𻨷ˡָжϣƳŵ¼ԪдΪй·ܹ˾ͨʡ顷ָժŷˮªϰⷽĿѧ̬ȣǷǳԵġɽлʥ᳤ӺɽϵۣԵķʱɽ۳ۣԼ¾ɽ־˵Щ丽ᣬȫǳͳͳɽˣȫ˽ɽƳŵĿѧʲôǴġйˡ

ڶС

ɽСʱȰ費ҪΪ㣬ȻϰףδܳɹԪɽʱͳ̡ͨʡȰ㡱˳ɲ֮ʣ˵ȶף¸ΪòͨʡһȰйΥߣ൱֮д磬йʿܸɵóģйˡͳļͰϷдŮСŵġ㹳Ь¡йġС񱡱һɣֻ£ҪˡЦ

ظŮ

йˡظŮˡظŮɽظŮڸ󣬹ȻҰҹҰޡŮԵλҪǡɽһУᳫŮȨ׼ࡣͬ˻УСŮƽȨĹ涨1925񵳸飬ɽҲڷϡϡϡȷŮƽ֮ԭŮȨ֮չᳫŮӽԪ꣩͡ŮҪ塷1925꣩˵Լηȵţ1919꣩ҲɿЩʽظŮΰ

ͨ

ɽʮʱ顣ΪʲôС裿ɽªףϵǿɣٹȫһ£һٶ֮ʵҲ˵⻰Ժʮ꣬лˡɽ̷ʾһɼ²Թڹѣǿб෢֮ƣϤ֮סʿˣִݾ壬꣬ʹ񣬲ݱʷˣ˻Ƕϰɰ֮ЦޣΪ֡͢Ѹɹͬ˵ӾȾۣ֮¹֮񡭡δȥߣ֮޶ʮһɼвΥֿۣһϴй跢ĳ衣ֿġйˡ繼ѫ֮ɵóģ

ϽѻƬ

ɽʱͳ䲼ϽѻƬᵽҫڣΪۣ˹ʱھȾ󼲣˰εӾƣͼ棿Ϊ£֪ңƥԺãܣ԰ߣΪ֮񣬵вԺʱѡٱѡһйȨʾݣתиʡͨηϳڡδˣʱﻮٰ죬彲ᣬȰͣʹ֪ϰѩǲ֮ܣ֮硱дŸ׶ظʽҪѻƬ֮ԼЩʩǹʽġйˡģ



ɽʱͳһ쵽ԺᡣΪǴֲ·ǰ±žɹˣòǹס˵ֻԱʹͳڣ㲻һС˴󵨣ȱͳˣرȥȥɽЦͳɴˣҲδһˣ˵ͳƬŵžģɽ˵㲻Ҫ£Ҿأ֪ʷˣ֪ɽʱ䲼ˡ˾ֹͨ巣棺̷ˣɡδļŰ壬巣֮ߡ°⳥𺦣ظԭ״֮°з֮ɣʩƽҪо̰׼٤ż̾ߣﵱȼϺߣϤĿƷ־Ƕʹƨɵġйˡóģ

׼

ʱͳɽ˲巣⣬˽ֹٷѶϰյݡ˾ֹѶʾͳᳫ˵ע߹ѣʮأŰ״ʿѶһˣʹҹ˼߹⸴ҵҸɹһңԶߡؽΣӷʼΪòת˾𣬼ְһŲ׼Ѷ֤֮ʵ񣬲ƫؿڹǰ̾ߣϤٻ٣ԲʱԱѲӣвФ˾վù̬ȣɿŶߣݶְ⣬˾Ӧ֮Ȩʥ֣̣ѵ˾⡣ģֵģҲⲻľġйˡ硣йˡͳ󰸷ʽǰʽĻʽģ޹ȶһ󡢡ġһ˵

ڰ

ɽСʱеūߡʱͳһ桶⽻бһֹūķΧֹ˿ڡڡֹ˿ˡġȨԡȻƣ֮ʼˣƽȣ˴壬ڹΪòգѸඨͨú󲻵˿£Υ߷ǰԼϤΪ֮ϵū֡ʱĴģҲǹȥйˡ˽ġܡй䣨֣ͤ͸ɹѼūĲ£˵ʲô

ھȨ

츳ȨƽȣרΪ֮˹䶾棻֮׼ǰǧר֮䱾ɡ֮֮͞ԥ֮ؤν׼ΪūߣS߲ųȾرƣʹݡһɹ輰ȨĪΪȹ͸ɣ˵֮ʣݴ˵ȿôҮΪʾ񣬶ڹ֮һȨȨѡ١ȣ˽Ȩסۡ桢ᡢŽ֮ɵȣһУ죬ȨùɽԪġȨͨʡġƪ֣Ʒǧйˡϵġһɹ輰Ұ

ʮƺ

ɽʱͳڶ£Ͱ䷢ˡǰƺ˵Ϊ֮أְԱ֮֮ͣ׼ȡǷ֮ơǰӹٵ֮£Сˡүƣ֮Lʩ֮ʧȡɡ⸴ԺطӲ죬ؾɳƣΪ֮衣úԱƣԹְͨƺԻԻǰơΪòգټ֪ͨ𣬲ת̥ƽȵǣʮˣڵġйˡָ˶أ

ʮһ

л죬ɽһֱŲ½𩶫Ƶġ족޳áɫ족ʱͳʱиԺ۹ţ԰ɫ죬ãδʧ192310£ȫѧڹݿᣬɽᣬҵɫ죬ܾ쾴񣬲˵ɫ죬ǸղϹҾͲһΪҲˡɫ峯һƷٵ죿Ǹ˻ʵ۵죬ȴݹŵɫ죬ʲôҪȥɫ죬ҪǴǰģں졣ɽе磬־һ沨ġйˡõġ

ʮٹ

ĩ꣬;ܣѴＫ㣬׹Բƻϣʿ»£߮ıʦɷ磬֬Τͻݣ֪ܣ¾ҰԺòΪΣѭ㪣Ե˸ʼճ磬ɨΣʱʧȻδ䣬δУɽߴʱȡ֮ģи֮㣬һ׽֮ߡʱͳٷѡĵһΡʱɽĹٳһ׽֮ߡ۹⡣˵ֲθԱÿһ˶ְߣְ߲֪֮Ϊʧ죻߲ףΪðȡɡָժķͺġйˡֽ˶٣

ʮ

ɽĸãܸܵǮͺܴԪ꣬㶫壬㶫ɽԣͨ˵ΪΪηϰֱˣһ磬䷽ߡδ̨ʧߣԹΪּƣררһ£簲ʵҵ֮࣬ص˴ΡǿвԾߣԴ򣬱ȲɲҲͬʱָ㶫˵ӸټΪ֮ģδ𣬷ǱҲֱˣزΣһ̨䷽أǳӦˡΪˣʵҵֵΪ֮ǿѣ⸲㤣֮ʼ֪Īܣİ԰Ҳ£ֱʾɽˡľ־Ǹһ˵õȮͬġйˡȫͬġ

ʮѫλ

Ԭ˴ͳԺص͸ɽʹѫλɽлˡȥ˵Ԭͳ磬Ĵѫλ㤻̣ȥ壬ʮʡѴεڹ⸴ĸԺ⣬ʱͬиң뼱ıͳһ֯ʱ飬з϶ҹԾȹģȫ֣࣬нաʼ䣬ʵ޹дز٣ҹģʮسƽ壬϶ռر׼ѫλΥ΢㧣ջسʵкɣԬҪͣҶµϺѫλ֤顣ɽдŻؾҶԾЯи»ݴ֮ѫλ֤顣˼ʼղܣɼǰε֮вߡλ̹Ӧ֮䣬Ψһδ̣зǹԹ֮ʱΪߣ˷Ϊһ֮񣬶˿ϣ֮ģĲԸԴΪڳĲܴѫλ֮Ҳɽ־֡ΪֻΪһ֮񡱵ľ񣬶ľ

ʮָժα

ǰ桰ѫλӣɽһεԴ׼ûС֮ˡ෴ģһˣܿȨ롰񡱵Թϵ͵ġ۲ݶԪѫ顷ԿΪ֮ȨΪζȨ֮ͨ˵ҲʱȨߣ൱ΡȻվйܲΣȲܲΣܲȨӡԻ֮ԡйǧα֮ϰߣᱲö֮ҲԸ˶ۣܾԸУȨߣΪ̲Դ֮˼룬֮ˡзѡðʮ֮ʿҹ۸֮ɣһȨʵƽġֶԡȨ񡱹۵ȷԡйǧαơָժɽĹ۲Ƕȡ

ʮó

йˡ̫أ̫ص˲ٵϵƫԽϽϡСһʡһһһ򣬶ڡɣխ±ָһССɽǹ㶫ˣȴûĹŬѧϰĹٻҲĴͬ˵úõöࡣԪ2£ʱͳʸ񣬲Ҫ󡰹ó򡱣֮ٹ⣬ȫ֮ҸЩȫȫΪ۵㣬һʡһΪ۵ġڹ۵ĿֻйһΡ硱ĻᡣԹ㶫ȫʡҲȫȫ֮£ⲻ磬ά֮Σܹˡ1918꡶иܵ硷ػԲ㡰ͬᡱġйˡеġ

ʮȡ

ɽǼɵġȻκʽʲôɡʲô淨ȫŽ̡УǲҲЩǯɵķ⣬෴ģǵҳԱסԪ39ţɽȡбġʾڸǯɵġ񲿡ľ棺Ϻἰݵƣ񲿵磬궨б£ȫѳϣת֪յɣܷأƴӶģΪʦԷר޹´ߡòбɣƫȱ֮ģʵȺ󻺼֮Ҫʹǯ֮ڽνҲһзɽԵɲԺΪЧòбɣδԺ޷֮Чж֣νɴȨ뿴Ǻεɵ̬ȣ̬ȣȻԴĽۡ

ʮȰ

⡰Ž̡ˣй̫˼ΪѹɵĽڡⲻ֪ȫɽԭ⡣ɽ˵ҹʷר֮£ڣ֮һΪר֮ūܾ֮ѹƣһвɡȺȺĹ¡Ҳ˵ҹǰרϿᣬ֮Ȩ֮ѧΪȫΡЩ֤֤ɽУйˡȨɵȱɽˣ˵ǡߡΪַ￻ѡͳġ֡ľʫѩľ

ʮֹɱ

Ȱɵ˽ɵˣȻͬʱرɵˡһ˵ɡڵɣһñءڸʱΪ˴ﵽĿģаɱ֮٣ⱾһʱȨˡԺ󣬵ɱİ취ʱɽ̱ʾԡ191971գдšʱΪ֮ߣΪ֯ɱ岻ɡɽȴ˵԰ɱһ٣޳ɡ峯ʱͬ־дˣ¶ɱʤɱҲ֮ţ֮УȻ𣬲ڰɱҲǶйʷˣѿսƳʱġɱͳֲַͳġйˡΪ֮ɽȴΪ֮

ڶʮ켺

ͳġйˡԸ켺ķǿ׷ơîķǴС棬״ŭ赶ɱˡ켺ѵɽ˼ϵˡǡ֮šֶΡšԸ֮סĳ˵֮˵˷ڰ֮רƹŷ֮Թָȣ֮Ű޵ʷ޶Ϊ˹ۣ֮ո½֮ƣ˵ȹۣ֮ཥӡ֮죬Ϊʥһ֪⣬ʵνҲԸ֮סָڽ֮ޣȲƣΪִзɣƶ˶ƣΪ١ʵڽգʹ֮ΪƽͣΪᵳ֮ʤֶҲַȣֵð۱ˡǡ֮ñӵġйˡ

ڶʮһϧ

ΪɽԸ켺šסڱ֮Ϊ󡣱еֱ֡﷽棬ӢʵԶʤġдĶ硶ѧ˵˵й֮£ӣڱ﷨ϸʻ̫࣬־ĪĸţԳڡӡ⣬ԣȴ֪˵Щʲôɽּģʻˬ졣ޣֱΪҰ֡ֱΪ޲ͬ۸뱣֮Ұ顷ֱΪǿѧ˵򣩡֣ˬˬʽ˷һûСйˡµ̬

ڶʮ˾

йˡĴͳѵǡϡңСʱڼ绹Ī˾ʯʱ˴˾˵̬ȡΪһıۣǧϣΪһ䱻̰ͥϾꡣڡйˡСģģȴΪ˽Ȩڵֿĵֿƽϵĵֿ鷳ĵֿǽġгġε塣ɽ˽һҪԣ֧˾Ҳ֧˳˾Ųȡйˡ̬ȡ

ڶʮ޳

ڷͥеʱɽšʧƽ֮ݡȫʦ״ԡʹͥõƽݵķȻʵġơƣԶ19͵һ꣬ɽдܶ״ⶩƽ³ת̸޳顷ŵġƽ³̡棬šƽ̡С񣬷ŷ֮Աдλʱû뵽ʮġйˡǺųͽˣйŷ֮ƣ

ڶʮ

ڻ¼ɽŲĹ£䶩һ£˷Ͼ¶Ŀжάߣۣ֣ʾְһʱĳɽ֡һڴۣʼͨ1911Ϧҹ縴뼴ݰְɽְ󣬵ڶ죬ĳˡԪͨ硷ĺ£ǣʡлԻƵۼԪǧʮһʮգΪлԪԪɸʡž飬ɱͳСʮգףꡣ벼档ġǣǧйձƷ

ڶʮ

׷Ӳɽˡǰʮ꣬ɽдԴӢѧҵԶ˹˵Լ־ԶĽ档ѧ಩Ӳѧ֮ģѧģDarwinism֮£ೣڽҮգл֮ʢɡڿ׷ӣᶼᡣԪڹ㶫ʡ˵롷ҲᵽԿӸڽգ˷֮ߡĻɼ׷У״ʲôλɽżᵽӣˡС֮ҲΪһζģ峯ѧĿ֤ΰĻȴּǡ׷֮ԡ⣬ɽйͳϡססİϷʹ꡶ԬϭġԬԷǷʽͳף鼰켣˾֮·˽Լⲻװ׵ķԡס

ڶʮ

йˡֺϷǿڳԷǡˡԲмڸɵ¡ˡеȫҪȵŲİҡӰǼ¶˾һɽȻǷԿڳԷˡ߰䣬סϺŸһҪڳԷˣƣ֪Ϊ棬ΪᣬԺṩڣδҲƣʮһ˷ʣһǧˣҢ˴̲ҲִҵһգҪһΪҲҪԸΪ֮ᣬΪǣǮҲŲСˡľҲСˡĸ߼ĬС

ڶʮ˵

ɽѧϰѧѵһвѧĸᣬһŷԡ19181£һĴҽдɽ֮˵£ѧνԪߣǷΪһ֮ţԪ֪֮޵ȼ̫ӣѧܷ̫շߺʿܷ֮óҩ뷽ʿ޷ֱ𣿡Щ⣬Ǵ׾غҸĻ⡣ɽĴＫΪǾǣ֪ѧùôӹ˵ᣡּأǽҪ׾ؿ߷ˮġйˡأ

ڶʮƷ

йҪǣһν鷨ġԪϡǣϲ죬Ҳ֮ⲻַ֪ģҲɽԵġӵʮĸˣдŸɽҪΪǵѺο֮ȫܳĸһƷʱɽȴˬĴԴ˵ʵ֮飬֮ʵΪ󣬲ƷΪһ飬ãΪھ硣Ʒ⣬Ҹͣ뿴Ǻε¾дάĸ֣ʡ¡ɽȴϣһҪ¡ˡ鷳дʮָ֣ͬͬԣ񡰰ַһЦ磬ɽǾԲμӵġ

ڶʮд

ǰһĻ£ɽдˣȻҲסΪ֮򡱡19205£޼дŸҪΪŮΨķ塷д޼˵Լ֮ˣȼⲻ֪ɽɽĴǣϰҽȻվãʶԴר֮оĵãĪһǡлɽϵԣǶô̬ȣ

ʮ

˽磬ҲǡйˡĲ̬֮һɽһס1919꣬һĹǵĻТޣдŸ˵ۣ쭣־꣬Ըи㡣⣬±׷Ʋţƣ鶨ܣҹǽ룬ġϣѧ˵һΪϲʿңʤδ֮ɽַʣ֮£ѧ˵һᣬʵУʤʽӣ

ʮһ򲻼

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ʮҽ

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1965

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׵׷࣬иE֮ʬԲٲ֮ҩԾ֮

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ӡѧҽ

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죬ɽӢ̻ԺIolani CollegeΪһеһνѧУʱųӣԴ滹һСޡ

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ЩҪף֤ʱɽǰ·ǡҽũ˫족ġ

ǰʮ꣨1896ɽӦӢѧҵԶ˹Herbert Allen Giles֮룬дһƪԵġԴһ׶ΡʦѧĴԡ

ģ֮ɣ㶫ݸɽأ1866껪ʮʮգ׶飬ʮϾҵʮĸʵHawaiian Islandsʼ֮桢׺֮Ľѧ֮ģ֮롣ĸػ֣Ӣල֮ԺIolani CollegeHonoluluҵӢġ֮ԺOahn College, HonoluluҵΪ֮ԺڴҵԺϰר֮ѧĽҮ֮Ḷ̌Ϊ׶ػʮʱҲּҺĽ£ۣϰӢģDiocesa HomeHongkong֮תԺQueen's College£ Ժĵ¶ءͣϰӢģйʷ֮ѧʮһϰҽ㶫ʡʿ֮ҽԺCanton Hospitalҵת´֮ҽԺCollege of Medicine for ChineseHongkongҵǰéʱʮӣ˴ʦѧ֮Ҳ

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(13)ԭעܽģFrank Damon̴ȶΪģȳΪȰƵܽģο֡ŷ֮ѺáСΤʿ̡Ʋ֪ܽĵӢ

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ҽԺĵ꣨1889ۼġԺУᣬľӪ7¼ϿΡӴˡԺάԺٹ꣨1894ָĳơԺQueen's CollegeˣЩ˱˵ڡԺҵᡰԺǸ֡

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˵С͵Ϲ󸾡ºŵĻԺռڼ䣬Ѹͽ١ս󣬸۸µʱ䣬ͭ½һ䡰ԺԭַĽΪᣬֻʯ̨ƾ

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(15)ܯɽǡƽʦѡĽ顣Ʊۡɽ׶رѺдһⲻţдġݷɣܯԡʷƽ£

֮ʦܯΪ֮ʦ̴ɽѧУҵ󣬷˰Ϊʦѧϰġڸ۽̻ϴʱ£ȡѧ֮¡¡֮壬Ϊ֮ĺɣ֮콥䴫硣ѧڵ¹ִѧκĽ꣬Ԣݺ𻪷ĿҡʱͬӣũѧԼֱʣԸũҵйƶΪּ磨1894꣩ձδ1895꣩ʧ֮գܾۣӢ˾ǣ1899ٰ꣩۷йձĵĿͬҽҵڹϴҩ֣򵳻ǣ棬ǨԢۡ

Уܯŷܯ

(16)1935ϴѧɲʿҽԺﱸίԱӡʼѧҽ˶ʮʷԡ

ʮˣۻԺҵϴټ̻ᡣʮ̴ɽŻ̵ڸý̴̻ѧУԣۼý̻ᡣע£ɽ磬ȡѧ֮¡¡֮塣֮ʦܯΪ֮ĺɡ֮ͶݲҽԺҽѧУҵۣҵŹݣԴС1896꣩׶գɲʿ֮䴫硣

(17)ڡϲʦŷ֮Ѻáмɽϲ֮£

˺ü£½𩶫ͬʿָټϴ£𩶫йϲʦΪʩϴǹƾӸö¥ϲʦϦమء1884꣬תѧԺQueen's Collegeڼڣϲʦɽش̡׼鲻٣Ԥ;зۣʱϲʦ뻪ùסޣʳϢ빲԰һգʼֹܹźдùжѺöˣķ̡

(18)While in Queen's College (academic) at Hong Kongyoung Sun began to inform himself as to what profession in life he should follow in his purpose to work for the new China as soon as his academic education was completed. To do Reform work, he knew that he must have some professional vocation to start withand perhaps for use as cloak for his other work  for he felt that his eventual vocation would find itself in the dangerous field of revolution. When the revolution was startedthen the vocation he had learned in the professional school would become his avocation.

Had there been an opportunity to go to a military school in China, he would have gone at once. This was denied him, as there was no military school in China and he did not, of course have any political support to get him admitted to foreign military schools. Manchu political strength was not given to Chinese students who were seeking to overthrow its dynasty.

He bethought himself of going to a naval college but the fulfilment of his desire in this regard was denied him by reason of the fact that in the Franco - Chinese War the French gunboats had destroyed Fuchow College, which was the only naval school China had.

He also considered becoming a lawyer  but there were no law - schools in China, the Chinese considering that they had no need for military or law schools. Hence, as a last choice of profession, young Sun turned to the profession of medicine and surgery, for through the Medical School of Hong Kong the way was open to him  and he also considered that the practice of medicine in China would lend itself easily to political intrigues, for doctors in China were considered politically innocuous. The Chinese practice of medicine ( such as it was) was a free profession, open to all  any one had the right to hang out his sign as a healer. The proverbial good health of the Chinese caused them rarely to approach men who made a pretense of a knowledge of medicine. When a patient did seek medical advice, his disease or sickness had nearly always proceeded to its last stage, and hence there was only a faint hope that the acupuncture, plasters, or herbs offered could do any good, Modern surgery was practically unknown among the Chinese. Thus the native Chinese doctor was looked upon in a good - naturedtolerant way as half impostor and half successful necromancer. At all eventsthe Chinese tolerated the necromantic practice of medicine as innocuous and believed that if it did no goodat leastthe sorcery did little harm. However, in becoming a modern surgeon, young Sun concluded that he could be of use in helping develop the real practice of medicine in China, as against the evils of the old - fashioned native practice. At the same time, this profession was to give him a cloak of security for the greater reform work in which he was to offer all that he had in life yea, life itself! (pp. 195 -197)

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ҽġҽԺԭͷһ¼°ģڶ꣨1835꣩Űᵽй¼һҽԺרҽйȾ¼µΪӰޣԵڶǨ֮١

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ڲҽԺйҽѧʷĵλһ׶ҽѧĽչڡйʷ١195910ۻ̸ȳ棩кϸ˵

йҽѧϣкƾõʷζϷģʵаΪԴĸݣڳ֮ȻڴϲûԽĵطڸȱ㡣ҽйԺҽ㷢⣨ͷ⣩ԭҽĹܲ˵ǻ̡ƳѾоɮҽΪйβĹ£һŮʿͨҽҩ֪ʶΡ¶ԺеĿرֹΪл̲ҵøڰǰҽԺУĵĹ涨ֱڣǱԭеּҽҩҵ̹һҪѷԺ󣬱вҽʿ1834ǲ¼ҽԺݣйҽԺǡҽԺ1847Ӣ׶һ»ҽHarhvellۣ»ɽϽҽԺйҽʿBenjamin HobsonΪĪѷŮ˹ݣڽݰҽݡⶼйĽ̻ҽԺǵĿģҪϵʹ࣬Ҫ˵ꡣԴҽûейǰܹѧѵǵΣҪʹҽĲ뿪ҽԺʱ򣬵һڽϵӰ졣һƶĲˣҽʡҩѣʹǸо̻ҽԺȫһִҵڽ̷棬ȤҽԺڽ̷ʩǳעأһ㿴ʿְԱʩڽϵѵرÿҽԺ֮УרƸĴԱʦ˽ַȹˣжҽĲˣϴΪͽ̻ᵱֹּĳЧӱŬ䷢չ1856Ժ󣬱кȶĽ1874ʮҽʦ1881ӵʮŸ187616ҽԺ24ҩ41281ˣ1889ʮһҽԺʮĸҩʮǧİʮŸˡʮ䣬Ŀ졣ʱÿȽϴһĴ̻һҽһ֪ҥԣ˵̻ಡ˵ġժ˵ȥҩȥ籨еҥԣڿȻֵһЦʱȴľף̷ֽ糱ҥΪȺڵĸݡǽ㽥ˡ

ҽйķأҪ㶫ϾԼδ֮ǰڹ㶫ѾһйҽҩᡱӢս±ʿ˻عҽҩᡱҲеܶĲ㣬ȴԾڼмάȥڹݵġҽԺҽԺϻԼJ. L. Kerrҽ֣ʮ֮ãҽа֮ࡣѵйҽҩҵ༭ҽҩ鼮1872궯Ժ1892귽ڹݷ彨һӣ1898ɡйΨһġҽԺҽǰǧˡ꣬ҽȥҽְҽս֮࣬ɹģߵ಻һŮףƶСΪסԺ֮࣬òı䣬ռʮĶػһٲˣûؾĶ¥ƽпؿ˶йֵȳ豸걸סԺڸãÿվݽ˼۵ŽĶࡣ

˵ġҽԺ͡ݰҽݡݰҽԺǻһַּʣǾͬǡڡµĲͬĻᡣǰɵġᡱӢɵġ׶ػᡱɽڡҽԺʱڵĸɢڡ

ҽԺƣȻǡҽԺȴѧУʵʡΣڽ̻ҽѧУﻹӡ糤ɳҽԺѧУϵ³ѧҽԺȣ˵һࡣЩ˲ΣӲҪǿˣѡҽԺҽѧУǲԵģ½ڡϰҽУĿ֤ʷ̷19458磩һָ

ڴ˳˵һ£ûǰһɲʿҽԺҽԺϴѧҽѧԺģڲҽԺԺ԰ҽԺڶʮһʱϰҽĴƣӢĲͬġҽԺӢCanton HospitalǡҽԺ˵ʱܽɪ˵ڹϰҽڡҽԺҲ˵ڹϰҽڲҽѧУΪĵġҽԺһͲҽԺ޹ϵҲûйҽѧУɲҽԺҽʦڵģкüλҫ͢ġлȶǡǵıҵƾҲǲҽԺǲҽѧУôҽԺȻܹҽԺУ棬ҲǺǳԵĵ

ģ͵ġɽϵʮ꣨Ƕʮ꣩£˵ĹѰݲҽѧУ㣬һ㲻ϸдˣһٴ

ɽҽԺʱ1886꣨ʮ꣬ǰʮ꣩ʱ򻹲ʮꡣʱҽԺɼԼJ. L. Kerr֡ԼĽڷǿʼǣ顣ڡѧʴ𡷵ھ˵

ҽѧԼ֢ԡ÷ٸҽࡷģҪҽ򡣼Լҽڿȫ顷ҩ͡ڿǰ࣬걸

ȫСȫ΢ȫͨʮ¡ҩƷСҩɡҩ۶СƴҪԡ۸Сƾ̡̥Ҫͼ˵ۻСָԡۿСۿ֤ΡƤСƤ±ࡷƤ֤ΡȷʵоݣģӰ̸֮

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ͬʱӢ˺ҩԡڿ˵Ӥ˵ȫۡ飬ҽѧй֮ȨҲúҽѧʿԼݣ販ҽ֡ʩҽҩҽӡͽʱδڣ٣Լ֢֮ϾҽͽɡѧסԴʮ¡֢ȫ顷֢ۡ·ڿȫ顷ڿƲ΢ҩ͡ۿƴҪƾָ̡ԡƤƪҪּӢʮ֡ն࣬ѧڣ1879꣬Ůҽ½Ů˴ߣȺˡҵ֤ߣһʮˡ䲩ҽǰʮ꣬ھҽߣǧİʮˣҽڵߣ߰ʮǧİʮˡߣǧŰһʮˡȡɰߣһǧٰʮˣģ롶ҽҪƴҪ飬ʱҽѧй֮Ҳ

ԼΪ֮ʡˣϰҽƬ˾ʡ·ǳ֮ڷɭҽƴѧȱҵ1854굽ݣ֧Ǵ飬йҽѧʡʶѧƷിҩ޸֮ÿ֮з֮Сй˿ÿ֮ȫŷơغҽѧȿѧЦʵΪʹҲ

ԼĹ˹˾壡ֱղġҩ͡װһᣬɽѧҽʱùĿαɿʱԼձҽѧĿĺŬⱾ飬ҳ𡰹Ԫԡǲҽֲذ塱1876꣨꣬ǰʮ꣩ԼдٰPreface to the Second EditionⱾǡԼ룬涫б涫һƪ򡷡ĿɿԼΪ˺͵ʱҽѧ״Ұƪѵõȫעܢݡ

ɽҽԺʷǿȿڡϲʦŷ֮Ѻáеһλ

ŷڽ̣ȫھȳϣϴ󲻾ãоҽΪշʵиĻʱټԼʿDr. John L. KerrǡΪݲҽԺCanton HospitalԺҽԺ1835괴ΪйԶҽҽԺԼΪᳫҽԺڸҽѧУڵķÿʼǣűҽ飬ȺСȫۡڿȫ顷ѧժҪ֢ȫ顷ۿƴҪƤ±ࡷҽѧҪȶʮ֡Уڽʦҽ⣬带лѧԼƸΪ̡ϲʦԼƣ˽ܹУҵΪѧѣȫֻҶʮԲˡҽУס֧ʮᣬüԼʿӡϧԼʿ1901꣬ʹڹˡʱͬѧʮˣŮˡҪõģǺеһθ֣ʿˢޡ

ָɽʶԼϲʦܵġ

һ˵ɽ֣յ˵֣ڡɽ¡ݾڣ1936420Ϻ棩˵

һգƲ֣ڽżһλˣǰӢ̸ҽDr. John L. Kerrڹֽ̻֮ҽԺȴ˵Ӣ֮ؽ䷵ҽԺ̸˼־ӢͨΪԺãԺѧϰϵǰ׿ڶ˵ģԺȸΪɲʿҽԺӡһ꣬¬Ͻ飬ɱһԻ

֣յ˵ɽʶΰļԼҽżȻˡλ׼ȷɽʼѧҽɣֶһżȻĽ͡

־ݡݲҽԺ˵ɽֱüԼģǵ˵

Ϊ1886꣬һɲʿʱΪݣüԼҽʦһ֮ӱԺɴϰҽһ꣬һʿҽԺҽУȺתѧУҵ1892ꡣ

ɽڡҽԺĶΣݳٰסлʷҪ˵

йۼһȺãǶ顣۶ѧãǻԺԺʱеѧУͻصݲҽָҽѧУѧҽУ鱾ӢĵģѧУһͬѧ֣ʿǿͼˣҲԱڹݵĿͼˣᡣеĿͷǡ帴ʵ⡰帴ĸ֣壬ʱĻԱܹ˵ģѾٺ١ʱ֣ʿͬһУ־ͬϣ˺ܳĪ档Ҳֻк֣ʿһ˿̸죬ͶǻͶˡ

1935ϴѧɲʿҽԺﱸίԱӡġʼѧҽ˶ʮʷԡҲкܳһμɽڡҽԺʷ

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ҽԺ֮ʷĿС벩ҽԺ֮꣬ʮӡУʮ䣬ɲòߣԺԼ֮ݰ񾭲ԺŮҽʦ֮ͯԺŮԺ֮ŮҽԺĸŮҽѧԺΪʱȫޣҽԺѣάִڣδлӢפʿ̻ṩҽ֮

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̻ҵεйͬʱһջؽȨ֮ԺмϴѧԹ黪԰죬нϴУᣬղҽԺȶΣʮ723գɸҽԺԺϯ½˼ԺӢ·Ӣ˽ʿˣǩԼҽԺҵȨϴУܹϯٹǩԼУΪɽҽԺ

ϴԭҽԺһΪѧУ븽ũҽ֮ʮڴԪ˧ڣ׾ǧ𣬽־˹鲢ҽԺ÷ԺԤɴѧٶʮĶ֮أиȲջ֮ԵͬıԺ֮ãԳ֮־Ҳ

ҽԺʮǰҽУűڡǰʮ꣬ѧҽڣΪҽԺʷ֮һҳ1901ԺԼĽһԺҽѧã1911ȫͣ죬Ϊ¥ѧҽʼ֮żûҲþԺڣȥѽһ£Ϊҽѧ֮Ҫұдģ֮ƻҽɣֻ֪ɲʿΪ˷ɲʿҽѧԺ֯ﱸίԱᣬУƵϯɳﱸίԱίԱᣬƸҽµȾΪίԱﱸίԱԭƻ޸ģǮ˲ţޣȥԺλ飬һιʮԪÿ겹ʮԪ飬ʮ׼ʮԪѾʼ11²ҽԺʼѧҽ˶ʮͬʱ¡صлҽѧٲҽԺᣬΪ˽ɲʿʷڹߡ

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ڡҽԺͬѧУɺ࣬ҲɽҽԺ带ᡢĿ⣬ĿܯҲɽͬ־

롰ҽԺͬѧйϵĸ־ʿУǡҽԺͬѧԣõˣɽΪѣΪĴܡеһܡ(11)

ڡҽԺһʷϣһждеĴԿԭµģѡҽԺΪݲѧУ(12)Ǹݡѧ˵ڰ¡־ɡеĻԵʣеĴȴ̫ԭ£ѡҽԺ۵ġҽԺ(13)ɡҽѧУƴӢУ(14)ⶼҪõĲ磡

ٲ1838꣨ʮ꣬ǰʮ꣩ʿģRev E. C. Bridgman๲ҽƴ̻ᣨCanton Medical Missionary Society1844꣨ʮ꣬ǰʮ꣩ʹݵĲ޴ʹֱʽȫȨʹ1857̷꣨꣬ǰʮ꣩1879꣨ͬΰ꣬ǰʮ꣩פҽƴ᳤̻1888꣨ʮ꣬ǰʮ꣩

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ڵص㣬Ϊƣעʽйи᣺

׶ػᡪûԭΪһ⴫֯ʼ׶شᣬҲƹ⴫ᣬӢΪForeign Missionary SocietyѷΪûǲĴʿ1843ֲǲ˼ۣñϺ衰찲áɴ˷չϲ㽭Ϊ㴫

ӢԺǨۺ1847ӢҽҽԺУţBenjamin HobsonݰҽԺ1852տԼChalmersڹɳʿ֮ŬöԺ빫ᡢϻᡢͬᡢ𵤻ϲΪл̻ᡣ

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ᡪûΪһĽ̻ᣬΪټᣨCongregationalism 룩ҲᣨļƣģE. C. BridgmanΪһĴʿ1830굽ݺ벮ҽPeter ParkerͬҽԺ1847Ϻר뾭ݴ̹볤ϻᡣ1883ϲۣ½ᣬйͬЭ̻ᣬѧУ־ӪΪˡɽڸûϴ̡

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˽ڻ˵ҽѧʼʮ꣨1835ɿϣPeter ParkerݻҽԺʼѵйͽΪ֣˵йѧϰҽѧĿʼ

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ΣǴÿЦνݻҽԺν㶫ҽѧУûеģͳͳǡҽԺνġҽѧУҲûеģǡҽԺ

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ݸĿһĪΪҩӣȻ֮ҩ෺ƾҽʵоݡӢ󷨡ÿҽ٣֮ҩҲꡣĳ֢ĳҩСĳҩ򹦴١ʵ飬Ȼ±ͬˡ֢¾֮⣬׳֮죬ĪҽҩΪʵоҲ

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ҽģ룻ڿƲ΢Լ룻Ӥ˵

ȫۡڿȫ顷Լ룻ƾ̡Լ

Ҫģ룻֢ȫ顷Լ룻ҩ͡Լ

ڿ˵ҽѧԾ룻ҩɡԾ

޾1935ϴѧɲʿҽԺﱸίԱӡʼѧҽ˶ʮʷԡУһβϿΪ˶ʷ˵Ĳ䣺

ѧҽڲ֮ʱѧÿʮԪסҽԺڸ֧ʮᣨʮ˺ŲͬѧʮˣŮˡѧʦΕȻϲ̸ʣԻжУжУ֮һЦúÿձγ˶һȤҲ

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1935ϴѧɲʿҽԺﱸίԱӡʼѧҽ˶ʮʷԡɺļ£

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˵ҽԺǰڣǡҽԺӢAlice Memorial HospitalǸݿġй˵ģԭеҽԺƣȨ֮ơⲻ֪òŵģΪʱѾӢĵĶӦݡ֤ʵŲʧȴʵԣǡǶǡĺǣУڡйҲ˵ҽƴѧڸԺָҽԺְϿΣʹͽʵϰɴ˵ֻҽԺϿΣʵϰˡֻ˵ҽԺҽԺϿμʵϰҽԺǷǳԵʵҪֱ

֮֡ѧʱ1935棩ۺθã

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ۺӢģѺԫϣ롣˺׫ԫǹ㶫ˮˡԺĳǻԺɽѧУԺԫ˵ɽġѧԫӢһ̿ޡСȫ

ܿڡйSun Yat Sen and the Awakening of ChinaһɵĽҽԺʷ

It was in Hong Kong in 1887 First met Sun Yat Sen he came as a student to the College of Medicine for Chinese established in October of that year. I conceived the idea of establishing a college of the kind on my way out to China, and from the time I landed there in June, 1887, until October of that year I followed up the idea and found ready help from Dr. ( now Sir) Patrick Manson, Dr. Wm. Hartigan, Dr. Jordan, Mr.(now Sir) James Stewart LockhartGovernor of Wei - hai - fwei, and perhaps most important of allHo Kai( now Sir Ho Kai) ,M. D.Aberdeenand barrister - at - law. Ho Kai, in loving memory of his wifeAlicean English lady, founded a hospital in Hong Kongunder the auspices of the London Missionary Society, and styled it the  Alice Memorial Hospital. There the College of Medicine held its classes, and within its walls the students were given instruction in practical medicine and surgery. The college flourished largely owing to the exertions of Dr. J. C. Thomson, and several of the medical and scientific men in Hong Kong have devotedly continued the work without payment or reward of any kind. The College of Medicine is now merged in the University of Hong Kong, and what should beand what will become, if properly supported the nucleus of the greatest centre of Western teaching for China, was thus brought unpretentiously , but none the less effectively, into being.

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صҽص

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ʣƽδҩֲܣԾ֮ҩתʾҽʹʦ֮ҩΪΣԻ˲֪ҽҩܴ񣬲𡣡ȥ

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ֲ֣Paul Myron Anthony Linebargerɵѧ˵The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat  sen

As an illustration of Dr. Sun's continued activity as a medical man, the author begs the reader's tolerance of a short anecdote. In 1920 or 1921, when both Judge Linebarger and Sun Yat - sen were in Shanghai, and were working together on the book that was to appear as Sun Yat - sen and the Chinese Republic, the younger son of Judge Linebarger - the brother of the presentauthor fell ill with a rather obscure stomach disorder. The Western physicians having made little or no progress in the case, Sun Yat - sen intervened with an old Chinese herbal prescription, which he, a Western - trained physician, was willing to endorse. The remedy was relatively efficacious - more so than the suggestions of the European doctors. Even though Sun Yat - sen very early abandoned his career of professional medical man for that of revolutionist, he appears to have practised medicine intermittently throughout his life.  p. 84

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Ԫ꣨1912ʣArthur J. BrownġйThe Chinese Revolutionһһɽͻ̵Ļɹο

And in and through all, Sun Yat - sen has a Christian faith which opposition of relatives could not prevent him from openly confessing, which he never concealed from his non-Christian revolutionary associatesand which led him to say of his darkest hours as a prisoner in the Chinese Legation in London My despair was complete and only by prayer to God could I gain any comfortI shall never forget the feeling that seemed to take possession of me as I rose from my knees on the morning of Friday, October, 16th - a feeling of calmness, hopefulness and confidence, that assured me my prayer was heard and filled me with hope that all would yet be well.With such men as these, the new China deserves the respect of mankind, (p. 181)

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