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001.˭дúã
002.д
003.ȴ
004.лҮ
005.ɲɵɵɵĲ
006.
007.λһθʷ
008.Ϲ
009.ۺг
010.дھӺȻ˼Ļɳ塷ĺ
011.ƵĻƽ
012.лضʷ
013.Ҵʷ¥
014.¼
015.Ҫǿ
016.͢ѡ
017.˴ѡ
018.粻
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020.Ϊĵ˶

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˭дúã

ʮǰҶµɽţҹ۱̶ʱ̶ҵģ̶ɽˮһҹβǿɿһ죬ɽ˺һȻķ羰һһɱҾͶÿԪСά

ǳɹѧСëͷдģʩ̹ģʦøģʹҳаÿһԪơȻкüģұ굽¹ʦ벻񣬾ȴʹ࣬Ϊÿ׬һԪ͵øƨ¾ӡֹ۵ˣĶʮζԼҲѬ˲ˣҲϴԵ 

ҳһ߸һ룺ʲôԭʹСëͷдôҪΪʲô¾дǧƪһɵףдü׸ûʲôͬͶûʲôΪʲôдһҲûиԡûɫȫƵĹƨ

Ц˵ƨࣺһǡŹƨ̶ᣬ˷ŹƨʧΪˣڶǡƨ̶أǹڷƨţֻżһΪ֮ǡƨ̶أԷƨΪҵƨһŶֹйǴҵʢ¡ǲűǸשǡ֮Ӣ֮Թض࣬ƨҲڣš

ùƨ˵ʵڲˣһб׼ν£ֻһҪʲôúòãǶһģֿܷض࣬Ǻ²ԭ򣬾ûܽһƽйһ̸дϴǡΰ˴ҡͷƣǡ˴֮˥Ĵ󽫣ǰ󣬴ǿȥȫֶᷢȥһףһҪʲôǣ˼·壬ͷԺܻ죬šʥ֮־Ҵ桱ʲôʥ֮־ԼҲ֪úòãǣù֣Ʊ״£˳ϣһѷϻ˵仰Ϳ˵С˼ʵڲá

Ļ²ãڲȴ֪ãΪǺáͱʾˣй£ȱһı׼ΰ˴Ҷۣνмң˵¡ɽ󺣡Ԫ¡ҹ֡ŷ¡ɽƽԶ¡糤ӡʯ¡ϰǧߡ¡粨ǡ˵֮ʹ֪ˮɽһ⣬ʵºõı׼ʲô

˵ǡʷǣ飩֮šĴʦ̫ȴϴţ˵ϵ£˴˴ݶ̫˵֮ģΨ]ΪܾţͨΪܾסʵһ̯кʷֻ֣֮кû⣬ʷ⡣µĺû׼

Ϊʱйˣ£ʵڸһµı׼Ǳʲôɽˮ׼ʲôױ׼ʲôǱ׼ʲôİױ׼ǿ£ҪʵֻǣһҪʲôúòãµı׼һдıī˾ȥĵһв˵õν֮Խƨ

µı׼ʹ̱һ£أƵǧغܡκ£ʹǶ𾢡ʹ죬ʷдģأǾԿȥһƪ£ȴƵĸ˵ãʲô˴ҼңǸǣþǺãþǲãþǹƨǸø˵Ļ㱻һƪ·Ҫ˴ƨʲôأ

Ϊʲôйô๷ƨأȻعһйʷ

й£һʼ£ǡʫ衱Ǵǰ¡ʫǵʱ׻ԶһĲʱдɺܵϲõظӰдݺ஡дһ仪ٻ仨Ƕʫģԭʼı﷨

﷨תսΪǸǸʼˡʱǴǸСԱֻû취ͽоЩĹģ˭úã͸˭ֽǿƾٵԴ˿ƾ٣Ϳƾд٣йôϲд¡дϲ£ʵƶȵıŴڡڵĸտרǿƾٵĦǻƬԵƣһпǹۡ

Ǹ﷨й´ѣǰ׻ԵĴѡַѣκϱתΪġǴйһһһһĴŶӣйʱһд¾ҪԶӣдƪ¾дƪˡΪ̫ƵΣתΪġһ˵ţһҲ£ȻԺС塱֣ʼѰ׻Ժۣǹĵ¡ǣӺй֮ʿǹļңľһָġ

ĵĴȱΪõıĹߣ׻ѣдǻ˵˵ٺҲǡĴ롱1920ͣ˿ʼͻƣɹ˵¡ţΪƽ׳ʱٵＰ﷨ݱϱʹޣڮΪҰ

䱻ϱʹޣڮΪҰйʷϣ˾Ǩһʮ㻮ʱ̳һʮ꣬ɺʵȵİ׻Ĵɧй£Դڰ׻

۶Ϸӱȱˣĳ򡢺ġ¾һ׳ǻĵ⣬ѾľСëͷûҪģҲû˿öģһжð׻󣬲ǿӦԺʦԺʦҪĵʱСëͷ޷ƨ

ƨԭǣ׻ĵڻ̫ʵ˹ʾһİ׻ǷСʽģᳫģһ棬׻ĵһ;ϡ°˹ɡ֮Ҳɡɵɡԧɡȴ·ȥէȥ·ɹʵȴ˳ɹʧܡСëͷķﳤȻƨƨҪдȾ֮漣

漣ߡ׻Ѿ뻯й˵Уˣв˳˵ʮڣйд׻ĵǰţһӣĹ¶㣬ƾ£ʹҲࡣݱѰ׻дǧâɣй˭ҲĨɱ˵ġ

Ϊ˸й¾֤رӡ顪Ĵ桷͡Ĵļ桢ӡУϣСëͷһᣬϰ˵һ죬ͻȻ˹̥֣ƷʱȻҪ͡ۿۡ

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д

дͺŽһΪרôԶ֣۹⡢Ĵȱľս¶š

ϣġϣҵĵ˶ҵѣ׳ϣҵѳҡ׷ңܡŶȤҪҡҪࡣ

1979610

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ȴ

еȻţʵͬеȻˣʵţеܣʵ

һǡˡڶǡˡǡ˻

ڿˣǡ˻˻˵ˣǡˡȴͬˣǡˡ

ҴӡҡΪμҡԺÿڣ粻꣬ĴΡ̫ʮӡĻᡣҶҶӣżŷʱںԩСΪΪ¸أĿΪͷС̡Сֻ֪ͷϴ󣬲һ֪ϼʮӵ̹ҵõһϢ

һΣһλǳ޵СߵߣҴа飬йˣлҳȻ˵һѧҽģ֪𣿡˵Ǹ˵ôˣϧ˵ˣһŮһƯŮѧһѳˣһ˵һ߻

ͽСˡ

˻Сʵڿɶù˲ʱҸϿʮꡣΨһпĵһ԰ᣬΪҾѡôһ

ٹԺһһŮһƯŮѧΪ֮㣬ͺ񿴵̫棡

ͽСˡ

ˣ̫ȱһŮʷʦؼҼҡ

˼ˣΪˡ˵ʱͻȻ¹İɱΪˡˣȴʮ󣬶ɽ𣻷ĴֱΪˡˣȴʮɽɡˡʱ޵Ժֻ֡ˡʱڰ轼һӣҿ϶Լ

ҿ϶ԼҪ־֮־֮νɷ򡣡

ɷܿɷԼԼơɷ±˷ܴݰԼˣû˷

йΰߣɷʯдһ߾Сʫ塷

ɽǧѰ

˵

ηۣ

Ե߲㡣

Ǻεȹ¸ߡε׿εǣҲǸƵңΪƵҾͲڣҺõúܡߡ

ʷ֤˰ߡߡʯߡÿһߵģˣÿһܰģߡ

ߣѵ٣Сһɫ롰ƺ쳾ҪۡҪҪҪҪеĴԿաҪ˽޳ҪѧѧҰ˹ʶ࣬ϲ

쳾ˣǲǾܵɽüʮдʣ˴˲أǲΣȻң͡ȴ󱯹һأ

ǣȫˡĽѡֻ˺˺ֻ˽ļһ

ߡȴ󱯹·ߵˣǶˡһΪŮģһ˸˵ŮеģʵԣεģвŮŮпŮҪоУҪŮŮԡԻɷޡ׻ɱˮţԣŮݰݣ治ٸţˮʵʣڶΪٷƣ٣ãָϱǵΪǸһеģҲȫˣ𣬸ݰݣʵʣŮĽײϣνͨ𷨵ľʿǲõأ߹·ߣǲ߶أûСΪʲôΪֻһ룬Ϊȫ̡ǵĿǡΪޡ־ȣ·ߵĿ꣬ȫˡǲ֪𷨵lֻһ룬𳵽ɽֻһ룬ͣˡͣڰ;־磬ǡС˷̡

ԵģɽŹǡ˷̡ʱˡ󡱡ˡҡˡ硱ˡʼõģǶܣԣȡǳǡԳҵ

־磬ǡϾνġ򡱣ѳˣҪص˼䣬ɳصΪ

ӳԺٻصǴӡƺ쳾Ժٻص쳾ʱ־ĸˣνĿɫɫŬǲںʧĽ˼죬ޱȣĸߣ֡롱磬͸־г룬Ǽٵĸߡ

ڣٿʯһ߾Ρ

֪

տռš

ξ

ɾͺɳι¡

Ƕôߵľ磡Ұɰ׻

Σʲô׷أ

ʲô׷ֹˮ

ǣһεһ

Ϊ˼䣬Ĺ¡

־磬ͨ𷨵ľ硣ȳߡߡߣǶǡȥˡ˵ֻ򣬾

ͨ𷨵֪Ķ壬ֻǾˡȼˣǰˣġֵϣҪֵ̨زϣҪµֵϣҪѱֵȴϣҪŭ

ŮһҪôǫ飬Ȼ黨΢Ц£ѾǫˡշŹأǰӷĺߣɱĶسɷֻɷѵǫ𣿡

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лҮ

йģӼһ£һӲϲ˼˽£ƫҪʣӲϲ̵ƫҪ£һȮȴгӸɱˣڶ޹ĸˣĹⲻóԣ

ȻҲӴ󣬿ǱȽϲ˽ԲءʡϲԸɣԲء¡ϲϲˣԲءԡԣļӴֵֻɫΪֹͶ㣬ڲʧĴӣЩ̸йϣ˾͵صļߣʵڸ߸˵̫̫ˣ

ΪӴԡʼˡ̨Է֡п͡룻ΪӴԡʼˡ̨Լ֡пͰ͡Ҳȥ˵Ĵӣֻд֮ΰ

ĺúܣĺ֮ڽֵܣѶֻ࣬¾չ˵ѶࡣⲻʲôЮء෴ǡЮءų̂ˣ̨һּʣʹ˽ѣʹЦ

ֶӵĴӣʵʵйĻĴ

16ͣӴʿ񼵽йййʯ쾪Ĺסܶй˳Բ͡ӡһ֮£ڻʵϲòˣ쿴˵ڰ죬ͣˣϴŭô£ŵþ񼺰һЦ˳˴̵δ𲽣ⳡ龪ٸƽұӣػϵĻϴΪˣӲϻϵˣҪӣϲҲǲТֻӲͷƤ衣ǻ͸¶Ϸ£˵ڰ죬ڻ̫ǰͣˣ̫ҡ˰죬ߣ̫һ˻ϣТĶֻðĶ

̣ԼҲҪ̣ǽס񼣬ͬˣرǮ˷ӡ˻ҪϣɲУôӿɺͳ˵Ͽԣϣ׼ǽá̡ԣǣй̡

һ棬ĻҲ뿴ӳʲôģǸ񷨣ټֻý˻һҰ񼻭еǰ϶ɧӵļһ￴ֿʵǻػأһػϵĻģһǻػء

ԣ̵ҿйϼӴ󣬲񼣬ŵô̡һСһ㣬ټˣնǻػأֻܴؽˣʴѧҲѧˡ

йϲ˵ʱ򲻼⣬ùʱҲӢݱ峯̷ʵӵȺӣ˫̷ͣʵҲϻرΪľǲʹ̷ʵ۲ԼӼĺ̸ϵܹʱҲΪڹŭ˴񲽲֣޵ܣ塣޼ɣҴҮ

ԣйʵ۵׼ȥӯţȻҲʩģʽܾڡοһһʧֵʱǴʧ֣Ӱ¸

¸ȫFox Butterfield̨屨ϳɰ쳣աˡĹأǲԵġ¸ŦԼʱ糤Ρ꣬Ҳ˵ˡʼˡꡣʮǰƽְŦԼʱʱ־ԱɳDonald H. ShapiroСͻȻЮңӲǺһࡣҴʧɫп˵⣡ؿɱۡΧˣȻǰһлҮ

ǰٹ¸̳˻˻Ӻ̨òҼҵĴţҾܾκѣֻðδȥ

    ̨壬ʲô˼أ¸Ȼף˴½˶ᡣ

˭һʮţǱߵͷŮҡ

Ʒڴ½еĵλֻ̨Ƕҧˡµʮֻ꣬ǿ޿СãµСãޣƨ

ᵱ꣬Ϊй£ԼҲΡųܵӰйرัһľ꣬ˡ̫ɣɺϡҪ

ǣþ̫ɣɺϣڹϣɨڶͷϡ꼻һ֣ͱܲذ壬һ߶Ҫεˡ

    ¸ܵ½ÿ˶š¾ź̨ϵǳŦԼյ硷˵ɰ¸ִʵı¶޷ɵļȨƶ£һ˼ˡʮĶΪһĶӰʱΪߣΪë󶫷ġ˼˶Ŀ꣬һ꣬ڽٻšġ˼˶УΪܾıѧĿ⵽衣

    ڶΪ¸ҵĸͳ˳ͻԺʼһĴȺ

    ؾӵʡһƫԶʮ֮ڡĸڼٶ⵽ϵС⵽Ŀһһ굽һ֮䣬ηе

    ֽһƪר˵ΪԼɥʧ˵ͱưͣкԸ߸衣

    ڸڹʶһҽԺ˰¸ķʣ˵ϣʮ꣺꣬ʹƪС˵ΪڿẮҲˡ

    ɵһǡ˵滰⡪

    й½⵽ŸҶ˵ڴ½ϡ˵滰̫ˡ

    ŦԼʱ챨˵ͷ̸˵滰ӵ⡣

    Ļ˵ֻһʱǲŻ̹Ͻ̸һʱǾ̸̸ЦĸһʱǾ˵ٻ

    ׼̨ܹĸһʱ˵ٻȻҴӲĸһ

1979611

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ɲɵɵɵĲ

ʮǰ̨ѧԺӡȽʷĿϣһλʦҪѧɳʼǣȫ඼˱ʼǣһѧȴɲʦôûбʼǣѧ˵ʼѧģѧʼǡ

λʦеѧѧ֡

λʦǹԱ⿡ѧǡʿҡ

    һǣʦԵݣ߳УŶ⿡ѧʦȴУһоʦѧҲһ

⿡йίԱḱ鳤סͨԢʿʵһѽΣסʦǰΪ²¥УΪˮԸʦ㣬һֱȥȥʿݹ٣˵ˡڡʦңȴġʦ̫Ϥһף֡

    ⿡ѧߡרңȾӡʷϣҶӡʷҲСоɡҡΪμҡʱ򣬿㡣һ飬ǿֿʦʵִӡȡⲿ鹦־֮ʿ˸ÿֻϧһҲֳ̫棬ûӦеע⡣

Ϊⲿ飬עģǸʵصļͳƣʵع2338Σʧɵʱ䣬ӹ˵Ҫ̡ȽȽѧ£Ҳоо

һо֮£ʹҵõ¾硣

ʵΰľ˹̹˵߹һλѪ֮Generations to come will scarce belive that such a one as thiseever in flesh and blood walked upon this earth.ǶԸʵ档ʵ˼ľġ塱satyagrahaγɣԡɢǡޡεʱ˵Ӳ뵽Ǹˣǽʵڵ˷ѲϡǸ֪ζԸҡΪΨһĿվǽ档ÿҳ˼ʱ򣬿ֽӣ˺Ц֪һתҾͺ赲ĸųȥˡ

޵ȻС˵дǽ͸ڵĹȥ磬ָϵĽѣϡӲ뵽ǸˡȻƺwjm_tcyע1ƺ3.3ƽף֮ڣȴ֮⣬ĺ־۰˷˹Richard Lovelaceдʫһ

ʵʦ޵Ĳ壬Ҳʦ޵ѧʵ˵־ʿˣ

УܵĿ࣬ʵƽܵĿҪٵöࣻУҲֻҪһ˵ƽҪ˵֧䣻صһͣҲòԼշչһУвƣ㹻ĲԶ໵ϰҲԸĹɵġгֵʱ䱻н겢δճҲѵɸйɣΪ١оԼɵġκβŰѧϰ̣õһƵĻᡣֿˣȻὫ¿ΪˡĹؼһԼֵ״̬Ƿϵˡʵִӡȡϲ91ҳ

    λĹؼǿҵΨۣǣν벻ɣĹؼһԼֵ״̬ɣɾڣòɣڡʵرǰΣֹҲһʾ˵ڳɵˣҵѱǿܡһŵûгһ첻ɣǴңȴɡֵǲȡжʱ򡣡ͬϡҳ264˵ǲҪҡҾԼһֵֻСĲ١ڴˣУͬϡвҳ143-144ʵЩѧΰľˣеңȴɡɣҰɵɡɵ¯࣬͡ԼһֵֻС񡱣򣬾ֻӽˣˣǲֵġ

ɣô˵ǲԺ󡢳Ժ󣬾͸ˣӴûвأ

δء

ѧ˹˵ûȫɣȫɣûȫ£ȫ£ûȫ֣ȫ֡ΰ͸ΰؽҸһ棬СɵĲɡ

ɵĲɡɫ룬ǰܿѵ˵ֵܣʹԼθСоˮˣͺԼˮһоûԵˣͺԼʹǰһֱˣֶ֣֮ɷʱԼҪɷ𡣡ԼֶʮһΪľ˶˵ܽ᣺˭Ҳأ˭ҲأľˣԼǿȴֵܵԼվȴֵܵĵԼɣȴֵܵĲɡ

ʮǰ𳵳͹ȣEugene Victor Debsηʮ꣬ȴõѡУһѡϷͶƱ1921꣬ͳػɣȴ˹ľ˵ǧԣ

    While there is a lower class I am in it.

    While there is a criminal elements I am of it.

    While there is a soul in prison I am not free.

ֻҪ²׼Ҿͬٱ

ֻҪзɷ֣Ҿͬ

ֻҪλ꣬ҾͲɡ

ģҾͲɡɡ𢲻ɡ˹ɡȲɡΰƣСɵĲɡ 

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նϳʱйʱ濪ˡ׷١רһƪ׳ΩλСϵܶרáרǰб߰˵ʱʹཡһЩ£ǶôĽȴʼԺ֮ȥʱˣǰڣʲôЩʲôСϵҪ׷𰸡

ȻģˡҪ׷١ΪҲҲͿ֪ܲ˵䶯һʱȴڸ˹˶㲡ϹĻ˵ Сġ

ûԸģԸˣҲҪСϵһ۾Ϳ㣬ԣӵƪרͰѡ׷١ĳɡ׷١һ˵Ĵ̼

14ŵıϣʵ㣬ִʡʵʮ꣨1977hѡسܱһΡ㡰˼ѿڶʶhѡսȷ൱ҡˣĸпʵhĶֺ飬βʿһɿȣֺڰѻhĶŹ

Ĵ𻰲ǿ󣬵һ뷨ǣ͵ˣȥʷȻŹǲһϵ⣿

Ϊǡٲȫǡ

ʮǰڿ׻򹤣ÿһǧԪһ죬׻ؽйͬ˻вܻԭʼļǵʱܻǩᣬνʵ˵ǩ׻˺ܸˣȥ֡һǩû֣ܲģ˵ǵμ˸ôû˻ҵңϸ֤֤ʷˣδˡϸ֤󣬽£һΣûμӡΪʹû˵оٳÿһ֤ݣ֤ûμӣҸǣҸǡҲ֪ôػģֻ֪ΡΪ֮ա汧ǸҵѧʣʵҲμӵʷֱǸ˼죬ֱұ׻ɨسţҲֹͣ˱ǸʮȥˣĹݾޣҲϣϣܹ֮꣬μӵʷϣʱ߹ػ·ʰ·Բһ𾴵Ŀһۡ

ѧһʣС롱ego-involvementԺСӣʼáҡĹġƲְ֡衢Χ졢ޡСܡȫڣʱСӣʼ֪ҡͱˡĶһʱǰַҰͲǰС˵Լʱ֪СҡҳѡҡɵˣСӻ˵ԡҪáҡ㿴ӢѧһӵңСëͷ

СҲ꣬棬޿ײ룬ͬеáʨӻᣬҪһš֡ѡӭв硢ЦˡһˣͱڣʲôطҪûͲڡ

ǣ˻ϣһϣϲ뵱ꣻһ뵱꣬ͳ©ڱ׷١ʱ򣬾ҪŹ

ʱĹӢʮһ̨壬ǰĻ䣬һѾαۡϵѾûúû䣬峯ĩʷ¡ƹʡ˵ԼͷϣԼ²ܡڣڻ¼˴Ц

Ӣͣؼڡ䡱档ϳëȫĻ򲿷ֵġamnesiaǿhypermnesiaǴŹһ˴Źһ֡롱ë

кö֣СȺ롱ϻɱСƵ롱ϸеңС롱ΪԼأС롱ϾñָźͺЩ⣬һֵ룬롱򡰹ٵ롱delusion of grandeurëˣ˵ǾǴǡǹǹ񸦵ıܡϼı硣ˣĶסھԺϵĶʹ־߼涩ǱµķṦΰҵ֣У½ôᶪ

ѧһˣ˵ϲѧؽܼհˡڶ죬ȥأ˵ֻһһֻһ䣬һ仹дˡһ䣬ָһ䡣ôˣͻȻһҾǿ

ȻλǱȽһ󣬲ΡӵģȴڡСϵ׷١ͷŮ̸챦Ŷɽ˵ʱ򣬿ɵõġΪڡΡĿĭΡģܲλӡ

ǰԪѫ̫Ϊлǰʷдŭڡ֪ʱʵ٣䵮֮ʿһΪСʵֺδ֮ѿ˰ѡ塱Ĺһִ͡ѡ˶ֳһŲѡۡĽҷһڶ̡ǿôࡰ롱ġ䵮֮ʿʷϣǺԭǣ˽ѧϣǵһЦ

ѧҶ¡֮Χģ뵽زµĹݴڴĺ֮꣬Լʤ󡭡ݣ󡭡ݣ֮ڣɵְӣ֪࣬ΧĲǰֶǰ裬޷Ӧˣȫװ֫泯ŵĴ̨ϣйȫģҲͬ뵽ĩ־ʿҲԴĺ֮꣬˵ʧܣѧɽÿʤļϢſϳԷ˰꣬ѻˣ֪࣬޷Ӧˣ۵أʳٺţЩ£ǣ롱ٵ롱ٵˣȨ

ģȨӢεģϺͿ˵ʱӲ˵μӹ¬֮սܹءһЦɣαأ

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ʷɻҡ

߷裬ϧġʵϣɻҵģഺʷʷڣǿԻصġԣүע⣺顱ʱֻҪĴ㲻ϵڱġҲգ

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λһθʷ

οйͬ˻вܻԭʼļܸ֣ΪֳǩУû֡ǡԪѫôһҪĻ飬Ȼûأ

ʮ꣨1963ϸоܽ⣬ҵо£

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ԿѵϺѧԺ

1905ʮһ꣩

鸴ѧϺ

¶ʮգ820գйͬ˻ڶɡʷڶ296ҳСпҡͤڡˡǴˣ

1906ʮ꣩

Ϊ졶ձļɣ¼ȥձɺ񡢿ڽܣʶɽҹ̸֮ͬ˻ᡣϺ

1907ʮ꣩δ

¶ʮգ42գ޼ס׳塷ϲ177ҳΪũ¶ʮգձδһ꣬ھӻ꼰δȥ糤ձֱͣ

1908ʮ꣩

1909ͳԪ꣩

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1910ͳ꣩

13º󡪡¾գ1111գ˱ֱ1913²ͣ

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ʵδμӡ

βμӵǵڶλ飬˻ѮУϴοʮ⣬Ρܿ䡢·ȡƸũά̷ݡ

£ɡʷڶϺ־ʿ˶98ҳһ֮꣺

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֤ٿ֤һ㣺һЩҵ£ԺԼĹһЩҵ£ųɲֻһЩࡣ磬ҲǴ˵ѻֻۣһʶͰˣ

˵ĻɾţʷαĹҪˣ

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Ϲ

1112ţ˼丱ϵǳ߿ʵġǧżΨһй꣬ʶ㣬־ͨǻĶ֣࣬дŽ£Ϻ£ǳζβ岥ԭ£

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ǿʵĿڣ˵

Ҹ߿Сȥʷĸ̫ʵڲ֪йڴԺ󣬵ʲôã뻭ڴҲ³ĵ֮ͽǲ˵

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Ϊʹλ̨һеСѧܣٿȰԣҾһҵĴϹ򣬺Ϳ촲ͬΣʺʹлָ̡

˵ҴлڣԺ󣬵ʲôã𰸣治򵥡Ҫ˽࣬ȵ÷ڶԴĶ塣ֶ壬޷˽ںĴ

ڸ¶壬˵ԻװҲװҲһһͺаţ⣬װҲװҲֶ壬˵ָ˵ָײġã˵֮ԣֶͨɡֳһ䡪ԻڵĶ壬ǡԡģǡԡġаʡӡɳΪʲôҪأ

ģĿʼѧʵĿʼѧʵĴǣûаʡӡɳڵϣ˺þúþãѧһϴãԲŽСԻ

ڵϣƨɵп鳤εĲݵӣϯtϯڱ𱰡ҡΧһλλڱҪʱһֶСϯΰƽңšūͬϯʳ˴󲻸ˣͰϯһʾͬϯ뻪һ飬г֮ȥ֣ͱϯ˵ôͣӷҲ£˵ˡͬϯйصġ

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ϯϻһжƽģձס׷ӣҶϥйˡǶʷǡ𱾼ͣʱǸ湫ΪǶǡʹشʵǡ򡱣ʱûΣһظɵġˣȫһ¡дӼꡪҹǰϯʲʹ񡱣ǰϯϯ϶Թм䱣һξ룬ʾ֪ʶӡ

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ϯȳǰ죬Ȼ಻㣬Ǵ𣺺βڴϻأһŴˣǺϯӼ۪ʳ䣬ᴲϣ´Ů˸ϴţ۪ʳԡߡϴμأ͸¶ǧŴܡй˿ʼִˣڴϣǸڴϡ

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ۺ⡷ǿ׷ӽһλ˵֪һӣνʼʣ֮ã֮ߵѣɳ׷ΰԤԵͳҪڴռϰձˣʵݱ䣬Ȼϡͳھãǰϯʽƽƽʵڲǣģͳڵ֮ϣ̧ԼڴϣϯضķʩˡԻԴһãͳεĵߡ˵ūʹܲ١ªԶϣԼװʿ׽ͷūʹܲɼʶκܲӡ󣬴ʹ˵κǳȻͷ׽ˣӢҲͳߺʹһȤ¡

ͳ߸ϴʱ򣬵ҲͬĹ¡ʵ۵ǻٹУ˵̫ͬաֲңƳʵۼλ󳼹齡ľͲ޳ɣΪ𡱣ɡ볼¾ϯͳ봲ĴϣγʵһԵƣ̫淥ƣʦǣС´źӣΪʲôҪǣ̫˵Сĸţһң֮࣬˯̫мң˵黨΢Цȴֱֻģɴ࣡

Ψһźǣ̫ˣͬ˯в㣻ο֮ϣڸ󴲣ʵҲÿʱĻ˴æһֽĶйʱ2β3ͳǴһרõĵΣֻһӵǰй˽ӵĻ˱ĩ꣬ȫУͳΡ̴ΡǿеһѽΣǣȫŮ٣ӴڴϣϯضˡӣӴҲҾߣһˡ

յйʱϣƨɵģ԰ѺνŪ˲ǴּɻСֲֲӡô䣬йϣһ󵱣ϷӰѸֱƿëʴ̸ĻҪã֪Ļƨɵ£ƨȫĻհ֮ǰں󡱣æáϯϾůˣ

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ۺг

һΪ̨ѧֻʷԣҵһѧǷɣѧɵЦҷѧѻѻڣԣҶԷȤŨʱʮ꣬Ҳϲ䷨еϲ𷨡еϲ𷨣סǸ̨Ƶ¡

ƵµڣиǻҼ䣬ҾסڸڣνΪڡǻҼְԱǾйģָһŵĹǻҸףҡϡһֶ

ƵµĵҲ󣬹ܶԶ˿ܶȣԣͬˡסһһʮˣôʱ򣬾͸ܵôġˡܵˡΧָܣպ˼γɣȻȥӰ졣

ʱһϸǻҸףϵ֡ϵƬ뵽һ˱һ³ˡǵûУҲ֪֪ǵ廯Ϊݹһ̳ˣһš

ƵµĺУҲʶһеĵԺܸߣедǿҵסѣ˵һЦ˵һһλгȥ£·һҷݣ˾ȥԣиõģ棬Ҳ̻һ󣬷⡪棬һæָСⲻ֪ʹɫʾţͷˡ

йķУȻһɹȻȾƳ⣬ѷӡУЩ䣬ڣһŹأǾԲеġƵذ۵£Ȼ׼ù򻨺³һס

أһΪǷŵĵУʵйĻһɡУͽ루իرʳʱҪĲ˵Ĺأ顷իԲˣ̫̫οˣ̰̫̫صȥǡɷիɷիڵʱǴʱիʱƨҪɱͷġйͣйصķͷŷȥҰѡի𡱵ۣǷ˵ǲԻ磬ˡʵʲôǻ磬֪ĲʵָˡС¡ȶ㣬ЩΪɢʹ˾⣬ͨҪڴ⣬ʵڽСȡС硱ЦǣؼԴС¡⣬ȴԻ磬ԳԳիԺԺôͳĻһ飬͸ôƨɡΪ˺£Գիʵ׳ˡ㡣ɼûͨ븴˹Ļ̸ףչĻǵ͵ġիҪɱͷģЩమĻȴٿ˶ᳫᳫȥȫ֪Ļ

ڴӡɱ۵ݻġ⡱ģԲ׵ģȻΰ󡣵ֲѧŮҵˣԼүּۻ۵ѪͽеЦáйȰкܶϡǸһ齳ΪΪɱԺʡ˴󲡣ȫҹɥ֣֮Ϊ⣬ʮ꣬Ӧ೮һٵģֻ˵䣬˵ү˵㻹գ˵һǧ˲ţ⣬׼ꡭ

ֲҵйĻʷй˼ʷеһɫչݱܷͿԺĺñԷŸˣëͿΣѣͿ΢ְȺϣͿɿԸУνͿɴʿģʦ𣬾ͿһͣߣͿ鱨ǧ𡣡˼߻ħԺ˳طŴġǡ¡

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ڷ˼УԶǿڸ֮ǡβϰ˵óԣҩһǷ̵ԭΪһзաһʹ࣬һֲΣһĲͷۣһòúϰ࣬쿪ûԣһּΪ˸ýԷۡҩۡԺеʳãֽСիáֽСáʲôأҩӡһ˶ҩӣθڵȫԣҪθڵθڵ˿ڸ֮ڸ֮ˣ⡢кգ

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ǣС֣֮ԶȲ˵ģСˣһĶˣԶΪֶεģǴˡ˵壬Ǵ˷ţڴ˵ľ䡣йŷһʼ˵ķ̰ʿʵСˣһߴţһߴԴȡֱ۳ͨˡŴȫء۲Լأȫɮ·ӳأԼҲءȻϹõ⣬ĳļ벻ѪʹڲѪʳǾĴֱʣ

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ڣȫѣڲٵͭǮǣ˵ΪΪڣΪ˽ȲһοЩͭļأ

ںɽУǵһͨ𷨵ˣΪơִġִСִִִ͡һΪ۵ңִΪ͹۵档Ϊͨ𷨣ܡΪ顱ٷ䣡ԵģֻЩСС۵СִߣŻſ죬ʨӺʨӿڣ䡰ؼѼػȡڳصУζڲ˵ϣɱ֮ԱƥƥΪ⣻˸ɮȴΪ¡磬㶪Ҽˣ

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дھӺȻ˼Ļɳ塷ĺ

νԪϡеĶǣʶλһλǾĶӾӺȻүһλĶүλүѵãȻĿΪšǶ䣬ͷү䣬ͺѵãٶ̰۾ѵһ

λүŮˣǧ忼һͻݵĪ̫̫ӺȻ̫̫ͻ⣬ټϡŮԡԾӺȻˣǸ׼̫̫ŷߡȻ̫̫ǻԼǳз֮޷֮ʵһǵ̫̫ɡҹԺ֮ʱ̫̫Ӻ̡ӹһϣĿɿ̫̫Ŀб屻ֻ̣йʽ̣ӺȻ̣ȴձʽġԾӺȻһЩʴӷ򹤾߹۵ϿӺȻͬ飬Ϊ֮ϣֻСȻ̾ķݣһаϷʩչˣ

ΪӺȻߣӺȻд˵ɾȫͬϣ̫̫ƶ𣬺һ̭һӣͰɨǷΪдʱƤǵ˫ϥʹ⻹е㡰󡱣⣬е㡰塮㡯ĳζǺܲˡġʾӺȻ£ȻϬ±ġˡʵڱȲү仰˵үȾӴүĵʴȵöࡣү֪ղô˽ȴֻҷһ㣬ʴȣӴүʲôܣǧþ֪֮һ֪鷳д츴۵Ĺ¡ļ117-121ҳѸӵ츴ʮּ򵥣ʹ֪츴һʲôӵġˡΪ֪츴۵ĵƵԵʡӺȻ츴ۣʴȵܵһڰķԺȥѰҸ츴۷̰Ժİ÷ٶȻܡѹָʹ츴ۡӺȻˣһЦһЦ÷ʸˣ÷ɶԸĳˡҪֱ˵д¡˵ұȾӺȻʴȣӺȻҲ̡

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ӺȻ޺ӴѧＫܻӭɼ˴үү׻ʶġӺȻȻںͥĴκڣʹСʱ֣дҼٻšһϰߣһѣš㣬ҵġ֮νжһǱԼ壬˷ʱȥʣҪʱȥı׬Ǯ飬רдһǱԼҪʧɡͷѼֱ׸ղãཻһѡдһţͿܶ֯ѧרһ֤ݣֺοǸǡϢԾΡѣţء˽ҴȻ˵ҡʵ鷳УʶʵڶǺ޺ôңڼλ顰ʥʦ֮λдңҲɿ̸ľͷˣ顰˵ͷϲ弸Ŵͷ룬éſڣҲд֮ͷʶΪʶңٸΣյĻ᣻ʶˣҲٸĻᡣҹŹá

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    ־Ħ룬֮߶֮հ֣絷⣬вòһȶȽ֮ǰҲĦٱɣ֪֮󣬸֮βɥ٣֮;ΪϾԷ㣬㧐ϐϣҳϣԼ֮ԡҶгɣԴ֮һҲʮһ־Ħ̫ƽм(14)

    ƪģ֮ΰ˴ѷɫ־ĦӢŷ޶ع֮󣬼֮ΪʲôΪĲܾȹֻСѧܾ͡ȹûСѧ͡ɶۣ˼ӺĻɳȴβݡһ꣨ʮ꣩ġ칤ΪйҲпѧ֤ݣʵǱ԰滭˵ΪȫЩǰѧ׼pre-scientific technologyִѧӰ٣οΪרЩӦҪڹȡءɼż漼ɣйĴѧʣͳҵ伮ĻпѧپĻɳߵĿұ죬ӡΪ֮Ϊᡱһ֤Ŵй˼롣֪Ӷԡ񡱵Ŀ˶ԡ򡱵ĿûˣͬûĹ٣Ըò;ˣԡΪ󡱡ɴ˵һ֤Ŵй˼룬Ϊ֤ݣ

    ŴйûпѧŴǷ֮أϣᣬ˵ѼߡĿѧȻҪȵʮԺſʼȻΪʲô˿ѧĵ·йʼδ״̬أһ򵥵Ĵǣһͳ˼(15)һͳ˼ĻɳĺڡйغһֱԴһͳ˼Ϊ룬ǧʷһһңάͳһƻͳһָͳһܶʼѭɹŮйԺĽҲΪĻȡˡֻҪ˭ͳһйϽйĻ˭ͳһͳ֮£ȫֻʣһ޴ĶıһڷԱͷ(16)Ⱦ峣Ŀ׽̡ǾҪòԪѳԪѳ壬࣬ҲΨѧѳĻɳ巢չˣй˵ľܲ״̬

    һĩѻƬսڽĺͬʱϵ٤Ļ̺ˮش롣ĩвȡ԰취ˮйһз½ͽ޹(17)ΪйĻˮһ壬ȫɢɳоһԣΪשߵĻʱһй֪ʶѾ֪ȫˮܽĻĴáڽĹУ뽫йĻɨһߣⰭְ(18)¶һһд

    Ҫӵǵ¡Ī㲻òԿ׽̡񷨡ڡΡҪӵ˹㲻òԾڽ̡ҪӵҪӵ㲻òԹ;ѧ(19)

    ⻰áҪëֻ˵Կѧʶ˵ᳫѧŲԡ

    ҵǣѧûйĻֵʹظһٶǰķ״̬Ȼ׽̸ıΪа̣ĹͷͳаΨΪҵһӦÿѧڴѧ棬޽չһҲݲо˽ᳫѧ쵼ʦġҪ½ڷ鹲Ϣķ״̬Ʒ˴ĹͷͳΡ˵ǲ߾ٿѧģƾʲô񹲷һ˼Ļɳ壬ܷ

    ٸݽԭӢ﷢֮УĹļ־ʮڡ

    ڵʱ׶أܳoϣָ˿УڵĻѧϰĽ۵סǰ߽žڱ˵ĸʼûᵽһֻ˵ĩ䷨ͼǿ֪յȻǽ򣬲ֵȥѧϰ

    ҽʮ꣬ʳơ֮ϡ

    ܼǡ־ʮڡ

    йʷÿһ֮ĩȺ۲𣬷׷¹ԭΪΪܣ֮һ˵Ϊò̫棬ҰĲڱƽһμʱû˵Բ⡣ڹּʱϸꡣӡͻϺ˵족ĸ֣ӦΪ󲻿ԡƾΪµıǮʧ޴ռˡ

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    գ˵͹ݡ׷н࣬Ϊͽرй͵ȡˡϣrhetoric / dialectic / astronomy / geometry / artihmetic / grammar / musicֻ˲ֲܽĽūûзݵġ

    "There is a distinction between liberal and illiberal pursuits, and it is manifest that only such knowledge as does not make the learner mechanical or vulgar should form a part of education. By mechanical pursuits we should understand all arts and studies that make the body, soul, or intellect of free men unserviceable for the use and exercise, of virtue. This is the reason why we call mechanical such arts as produce aninferior condition of body, and all wageearning occupation." Aristotle: Politics, p. 1337.

    ͬһʿ»ر˵ֻūΪıȥѧϰһҵ

    ѹ꣺ʮգʮȣϣԹҲ򣬴ʿʿߣ߳ţųͣͳ̨̨ûг̫ˣҪб檹ʹţͬ࣬ǵġ

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    (12)һ̨ϱ̫ۡྫĸˡƪ۹װҲ޳ӣ޷ǡйáĳ´ĵͬǣȥ߻йλĻߣĻʶ߳ƪ۵

    (13)ͬ

    (14)ת¼ʵ̸־Ħһ̨Զͼ鹫˾档

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    (16)εȾڶĹԼҲԼĹνְҵȫֻһԶضǷġΪڲһƶ£ȫֻһţǾʱﲻˣ˴ã޷棬Ļ˵ʹȨڹŴͳ£Ϊ嶷ڽ켫Ȩ£ΪţһȨ

    (17)ۺйλĻ۵ʧܶǰ֮

    (18)Ľνְţǰװ׺ķй֪ʶıʱ䡣

    (19)꡷һŵʮҳ

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    עģӢıõǸӣɹѧѧϵҵһ顣츴ձ֪ͨѣһһСЦʮʮձϿһֵ£

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    һһԪ͸ѧѧԺΪһ𣬸κһλʮĵͬѧĵĿо̰ΪޡҪ棬ֳ档

    һԪ̨ѧҽԺ񲿣Ϊһ𣬸κα蹷ǡϷ蹷ҧĲߣѸơȮ֮á

    ˼еԸڹԱĢݣѴŢޡ

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    ӺȻȥǰһԷпض˵̨ѧǲһֻáںˣѣҵѣһˣһȥάգ

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    ǰһԷƹʮѲ˵ˣҿҲģˣ˵̨ѧǲһֻáںˣѣҵѣһˣһȥάգģĿžӺȻķɻƶ𣬾ͺӶƶһ

    ƪСָ̨ѧ֮һдҼ˵ѧû˵ѧΪͬѧͬĹϵʸ񱻳Ϊѧ̨⸴ʮϳѧֻһԵĸ˹ᣬ̶һ̨ѧУڣһƺͿ񳤢⣬һѧ˶Ĺ񵳹ͬ־(11)Ƕʷģɽ̫ڣ˹ȫԱӦ֮УʬΨֲʹоԺʷоһӣ˹ǸõĶӳֻһΨԱü̳и˹Ĺߣס̨󿼹ѧϵԺʷĴţʵҪ˵ѧֻС֮ĶȾ֮˵óڡ

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    ΪǿǵҲ˵Ҷ鲻࣬⻰̫ȷǸΪӺȻ鲻ͱȽϾȷһ㣬Ծ©Ʃ˵νپָһӵܺרָĳһ鼮ȻܺҪԵΪұʮ꣬û̥ǰѶʮʱĻҪ(13)ĳһ鼮ʤ֮硶λӡľ⡷ĳ棬Ҷûж˵ĵľȷ⣬ձüƪ۵֣òʿԼͨѶȺ⣬ס̨һЩ֮ȫǿ°ĭ֪ơоûһһòʿĵףֻűͿˡҵһòʿġѧ۴ԡ(14)ʮϺ档ֻһĿ¼Ŀզ沢ҳҲоٳɼÿƪкüǧ֣򡣾ԣÿһĿɷչһƪܶĲʿģ

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    ЩƪģòʿԼе˵1923ʮѧõĽ壬뿪꣬ӡⱾ۴ԡֲʿ˵

    Щģмƪʮعʱ벻ˡ𡱼ӣʮ㣬Ҳãʮᡣʱĵÿÿ̫ߣһѧջعʱ֮ͨܡ˿ӵӰ죬Ž֪ʶ˽롰𡱸ڿѧרҼʮ㣬˶̳Ϊǡ𡱲¥֮鲻飬Ƕ֮˲ˣ֪֮ף֪ж֮ףҲֻݸЦЦҴǰ⼸ƪɾĵ־䣬ѱɾˡ

    ʮǰòʿ֪ʶټʮ굽һγʱд˵¯ࡢס

    òʿԼͨ赭дһ仰֪ȴʮĹ̨һЩ֮ܣӲһƣϲ˺ۣĵѡƩǰᵽľȷ⣬˽ǡ͡ǵġ˵ɡҡβ仯ѧĻʶֲ߱ʿ﷨ķҪıﾫȷʵѷ﷨ķ⣬ѧSemantics(15)ӺȻ鲻ࡱ仰ȡӺȻ鲻ࡱþȷΪķֹͬʹǰ߾ȷԽϸߣΪǰһֲͬ˵оѧרҾд﷨ķֵģ󲿷߼ѧ(16)֣ѧоΧ֮ˡ

    ɴ뵽⣬ʱšҲҪȷѡͬʻ˵ԭʱʾⲻķֹ⡣ΪûĳЩ֣ǿԴ֣ѧԪеġơYttriumϡNeodymium㡱Tantalum嵐CaesiumﰡosmiumڿֵжҲġûĳ˵ҲԷƣͨеİ׻еŷ﷨һࡣʱ﷨ûжУ򲻷ݷΪ﷨Ӣķеperfect tense﷨ûУ̨廰ȴҵǿԷ̨廰еġСڣӢĵhaveӢI have eatenɡгԣ̨廰Dڽ֮ĵķֵĹ춼Թɷʱšϰһ˵ȷһ˵Ӳȷٻһ˵ֻҪ־ͨʻḻҵһֱȽϾȷϺԭ˵

    ǡھʮڵġ߱ߡھһӿ˵ѡĵʡڣϺͬʱָ조塱Ĵ(17)Ϊʲͬ˵в졣ʵڶԵɵ˵޶£ֻԭӢʿȫΪLaw of Conservation of parityҲԼLaw of parityConservationһͨɡ𡱣Law of Conservation of Energy̿ɡ⽡ŮʿָΪغ㡱ĵŮʿParityɡơ򲻼ѣƺͨеġԵȡParityԭСơĺ(18)ȴǡԳơΪԳơӢsymmetryŮʿơ֮ϣһ֣ParityӢֲޡĺ壬ɡơԵǿˡʱѡ֮ѣΨ侳šʿ֪پ⽡ŮʿMicroscopic WorldΪ΢硱ҲMicroscopicȲɡ΢Ҳɡ΢ŵһ΢֡Ϊ֣ӢworldҲֻһ֣ǡ΢ƺȡ΢硱

    Ľ΢е΢Ӱ뾶С10^-12cm£ֵһ׷ΧǷţѧNewtonian Physics棬Ŀǰʡ統갮˹̹Ϊ۵ʱҲۣһũ귢ٽһۣһһͬģ˹ּ̹ڽ󣬲רƷĳһغ㶨ɡǣһɶȫ֣ܽڡ΢ĳţҲһ֡ѧYang-Lee PhysicsĿǰ򻹲úԶڴҲ֪ѧ۵νɣ⽡Ůʿ˵غ㡱ȫǼ裬ֻеѱƷеδƷȥΪĳЩغ㶨ᱻƷ˵Ѿվסˡµסѧѧpsilosophy of Science˵ǧʵ鲻֤ʵһɣһʵͿƷһɣ⽡Ůʿ

    ֻۣѧȻѧʵһáƩʷ̫Ϊ˹һ׻ԣԱ˶ԱԱ޷֤ʵĻԣֻһѲڵùϳ©Ծȫ߽⡣ºʷִ̫ԱΪʲôһҪ˵˹ĶӺ͵зùл棿Ϊʲô˵վ򿧷ȹݣԺͬο̨ĿǰǶǵҵһЩ֮ܿ°ĭйۣƲ޵һ˵ǡ͡ǵġǡҡβ仯ű¶һǴˡ仰˵ǵĳƪ۲֤ǵѧʣ˵һ䡰ΰ¥Ρ֮Ļ֤ǵ֪ġɱ˲ŵʱ顱һĶӦԼ

    ﻹòѧԼũǻͽֲμӿѧᣬʱ˵а̣ʱТ֪֮ˮݵġ˼һТ֣ʥԼɸµʮһ˵

    Үյĸ׺͵վߣȥҮΧţǾ͸˵ģĸ׺㡣Үջش˵˭ҵĸס˭ҵĵ֣ۿΧŵ˵ģҵĸסҵĵ֡ϵּˣҵĵֽúĸˡ

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Ҳ˵һЩĿ磺齫Ǻù񣡲齫ܣǣ񲻸˵⻰ˣΪѿдӢʼίԱĽˡ

ԡ顱ΪˣɴӶĲ飻ԡɥ־ΪˣɴӶĲɥ־ǣ˶ȥΪĲ񡱵ˣȻѰ̫ͳЩ

ͳĿԵõ϶緢нȯһ£ڷϣǲɶĲΪΪͬԲȷķżȻᶨʤҴӹƽǶȯȶĲݣĲʱ˫գǽȯķߡȴһնΪĲ񡱵ʿ룿ȥ齫ˣǲҲбϸȥȯ 

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ҿһڹдġʷǡĵĶüȶֺ࣬áдƪ¾Բʱšڡһк£֮ͣٿɻãҲ¹Ųһλ׵ְҵʷҡ²͸ǺηʥҶѡ

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ӪҵԳ

һӣ˵ȷйĻɫǣ˭õ潼йǡӪҵ

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ūŴϣū˿ڱϱйࣻʱ־ϣй̡йūйţͬĴ棬˱ţʲô˵

糾Ǳһ˿ֻģԭҸŮ־νУѡһࡣ

ΪӪԹٷרŵĻֻƳ̷̫ɡӪϽϪ顷СӪŮסһ͵ٵĵ֤˵ʱӪŮǲסģټ˵ûɣǺûһµġ

ΪûɣƾǰĪʡԡȺӡΪӪ˵ģоʱǣһɸɱγƽ׹ټ˰Ρʤδ㣬举ŮӪγĹټˣӿ¼ȡ˼潣ҸŮϵߡڿеȴоģóȻȥΪ潣߸ɴΪˣԱ㽫ΪҤӣǣʯ䷨ʱһж֮һΪƣȻɼŮۡü֡Ǽʤ˵

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ѺΪˡԳ

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̫ԺϹ죬֪ɣָˣԺֳֻ̼Ժڡ

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ޡᵽʦ̷˰Ǯν֮֬ǮĻ˵ڳȻ˲£÷ҪԱ£ȻҲ͸вͨҢɽǡ̩ࣨ١ʿ桢ߣ˵Ĺ£

ʱһ㣬Լɻۡһգ٧ƣνԻʹЦԻһЦҲγ٣Ի顣ʺ飿ԻŮϴЦԻĸ񡣡Իĸλǹһʱд

    ඼ԹȻӣνĶ

ʵ֪ʶŮԨԴԵģƳʹΪСƳ֪ʶ߶¥Ϊҵ֮һԪ׵ţһ⡣ڶʫԿ̫̫ࡰټˡ¥ϷƷЩй潼˲ﵽˡԳáЧָйֵ֪ʶӡԳá绯Ǳµѧй˼һ潼֣дʫ֡֡ɫǡƼҡ롰ŮһģڣʽѾһΪζ߲ܸ㣬ζ߲ģС˺δ̴ʱѾȫԶȥй˵ƷҲ͸ˣ

֡й潼ҵĹĻһҵԶʹֶйŴûС潡֣6Ͳųֵġǰá֣֡šһ£Ǹ質ݡֺϸѣԱڳΪ֣ŮΪ潡ŮֱԭĲݣֻΪᳫáԼɫˡ

й潼˵ԴȻһʼ͡ɫ֮顱ˣԣڳƺ棬СˡˡƼˡˡƾĿЩĿĻɫȻҲлֻһҡ

ѷ֡Գ

ΪɫֻһңɫʷȻҲͱ޷ֺšйʷУһ֡ҼˡҼںеļŮԱĸǡŮƼŮûʸ̫̫Ҫ˶ӣʸ̫̫ϱʱҼࣺ

顤֮ȣŮʮɫݡ

顤ǧŮʮˣ˿ҹ

顤ʴ棬ʢΡ

ʷĺǨʮֹ࣬

ʷߴϴΨɫ飬мʮˡ

ʷŻҺӯ

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ΪҼֻǺԼĹأʵоݵġƳ涨ƷŮһƷŮֲˣԲʦɼˣͿڼҿŮࡱ档ԵģٲȻͲҿʷ紫ӵڼλٸ䣬δǻɣŮˡڼ٣ʮꡣһѵŮģ

ҤӿһȤˣǹŽƵĻҡ˳Լ̫̫ˡλ̫̫ǡ˵ģʵԭƳƼŮСˡ̷ǡ˵Ů˴Ժν֮ˡӵʫ˵ѳݺָ֦ŮɼӡҼˡ۵㿴ŮˣŷڡҪڣҲýСӡաǡ󴫡ȽͣޣաԹ¡ƵżȽͣȴָ˼ҵţȴǡӡӡָɷֱɷŮıеģѳֵѷ֣ʹ˸еִ˽ԼǡˡʱͬʱԼǡ깫ǡλʿԼ˵ʱ򣬾ͬʱֻ깫ѡˣˣȻƣڻ¡ЩʻΪ˽ŮԳáΪԮڣڼ⣬ֵΪѣףһѣ

й潼ˡԳáԳáԳáɫͺ΢ϵв˼ġ֮顱һƶȡһסһʻһ벻ʱ벻Ĺؿڣˡ

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¼

峯幫֮Ŀʡ棬һΡȰ˵Ҫ󡰷֮ˣԴҵѧʲˣߣĪ翯һһָ벻ϧطѣƸͨˣؼУչŲϣ֮չŲʤԿ̼ߺҿߣ̣֮ѧ֮ɣ֮񣬻̸֮Ҳ

֮λܵǰ˱̴ǡࡱ̡֮ѧ֮ɡ֮񡱡̸֮ʮ˵⣬û̫ı仯ʱݽʹ˶ڴ飬ֶ壺

һսҵʹﵴȻѼ伮Ҫ󣬸У

֪Ľʹѧȡı׼ǰ˲ͬԼĹ۵㣬Ҳòǰͬ죬òѡȡƿװɾơķʽ

ӡˢĽӰӡĽʹͼķı䣬ͬʱҲıˡ䱾ر±ȹŶʹŴ伮Ϊĳһײ˵Ķ֮ء

ӵЩµ壬ʹ˴һԲϮǰ˵ַ仰˵Ϯǰ˵ַ࿯飬֮ˣ

νǰ˵ַͻһǽ汾֮˵Թ飬ǲɽ汾ΪһУ֮򼸸Ķ©ͰһĹܺԽɱȻǾʽ¥ΪͬģΪ˽汾֮˵⿯ЩֵƧ飬һٿЩ汾ĳʷ֮࣬Ҳܲ˵Ǿʽ汾ѧҵԼ֪ĻҵΪխ

ҢԵѧйӹӵۣеѧ̫ףҲαؽ汾ʡЩ⣬ǴӡȡߡĽǶȣӹѡĵģǲڡн֮ãȻҲƫΪƫȫרҿ׼

ʱŴ伮ı׼ӦԹŶʽİ汾ΪУҲԼ͡УöΪ㣬֪оȥȡӡݵαͨûкʡעڼͺУϣȻļֵռʵϣԶűͨӡݡĲԿ赥ע徭ռʵϣҲԶӡݵ̡ʮע衷ͬģٱʮʷеӡμ౾ʷǡռʵϣҲԶƷ򱾻񴨻עЩӣ˵˰汾ĿǺĻ

˱԰汾Ӱռʵ⣬鼮ѡҲһҪĿȥйͼ飬ڡԡ͡ĲתǴġҵġƫĵģìܵġνʷӡĲҵԶΪͬΪӡһ˵ӡ롰⣿񲻶Ǹ˲Żı֣ң𾭵ȹ¢ѧľⷢչݱִ֪Ĺ£飬ߣǶó飬ߣȴֵǻ׹żֹڰǽһࣨйͼ෨Ŷѡͼ෨͹֮ӡһ£ô϶ִֵѧ̡ĵ伮ĻֻŶѣɥ־ҲͲԶˣѧƺգ

ӡ˰汾ѡ⣬ִӡˢĽڹϣֲòעʱҪװҲá˿ҲգѶգӦԿǡڹʱ׼ͼУƽװ鶼ڲѲ֮Уôٱȱʱþʽװķʽ塣

йսҲϣͼϵʧ޷ƣıڱľۻĻԣк档ǵִӡˢ֮㣬ָϽоѧΪѧ˻࿯ӡһЩռʵõĵ伮һ¡лżԿȡᶨ᷽棬ִּ۹֪ʶӣȻⲿѡ϶

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Ҫǿ

ձͯһ򡶰ʷǿ

ʷǾһط٣ϼӰ࣬ؼҺܳ١һ죬ӰӵرţؼңﲻԤҪǿ鼱·غãڳϣǰԾɹӡ

ãȻǿϳġģǿˣ°ʷ׷ӵǿõӣһЦԭʷͷɴŴ࣬ˣƨɣǿôô񾭣ʷ˵񾭣ǸղǿiˣˡǿȻ򣬽еһǶСµ֣ߣȥûѣһɢ

ʷǵıӰЦ¹Ұɣ˸¶Ҫǿ

ձͯΪʺдҶձʷչϵʷȥÿھ˼Ҷ뵽ƨɵİʷǱҪǿ

1933꣬Ӣһĺɣձձ߸߽йʱԷĿǣձˣձ˾йģձ׼һԸһйˡ

ձһһձ˻ãȻ޷֧ǣԣֱͯϣȻҲԱС

ǣձĬе壬ýȥӢĬҵҸأ

ĬģӭձζôУǲС

Ӣʷѧȵġ̸󣬷ģָһΪձԣֻй˵վסġ˵ֿˣ˽ӵоһսʱ򣬵¹߲ȡƣڶߴһ壬Ͷɸ䶼Լαȷ裬ҪѷӢأǣ¹ķоǲģҪɣԼɿΪֹ¹ˣձֺζȻζȻˡΪձĴͳĻУСɱɫ̴ձʲôйͻظˡһˣȻϡи֮·ҲǾܡ

ʿ롰˵

ǣȵҸʲôãܹҪ衣ձйϦԺ󣬹Ȼձ͵Ϯۣ죬֤ϻһֻţ䱿ţǱøţ𼪶ڻ¼У̫ɳţǲ𼪶ΪΪձ㣬ձǴ򲻿ɣҲôӢôʱᣬһƱ֮ͨӳһƱͨ͵ڶδսĴĵԼȽװնŨ£ձԷŵӢǡӡȣһԹۣȴ۴ˣձ̫´塣

ձйִʷѧȵԤԣȫ֣ձʼɱˣ

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ձֻʿҲð졣ʿȽϺͿϲС̣㣬ȻԺ£ֲ󣬻ûдΣաʿһ֡˵ʱ鷳ˣ

ˡձˡձסǰȴûǰסϡסԽǰձˣйŴһûλҪʿ⣬ĵλʯģǸūūŵūţ˺üӣԸãԱΪ˸ԡ

ʿ˵ʹձԸûΣʿʹ˹ֺ˵ʹ˹ūϥǰǿ˶һٰʮȴ󹪣߶˾Ϲһٰʮȣ֮ؾûģؾϣƽȵˡദ

ʿ˵ձͳε͡Ʒ

ʿ˵ƷͲƷֻΣܶձֲͨһ㣬ȴų֪ɣѹǳ©ʿ˳ΪʼûлͬΣֻйձͲСձʿˣɾͲƷʱ򣬻ͬúʽʿĵʿ˼·ˡ仰˵ʿ̾ˣõʿֻһΣۺ壬ͻꡣ

ͳѧ

ЩۣҶҪȴϲԷ֣֮һձйʵձйУԼʵĶǣйأձǶʲôö˶˵ģһ󻯣񡰶ˡ󳵡ΡձΣȵȣһ󣬾ͻǻ߰壬СҪģǡͳѧ

19͵Ӣʿһԣ˵ѻ֣ѻɶĻѻͳѧThere are three kinds of lies lies, damned lies, and statistics.ͳѧֿѧͶһܲãʹ亦ձϲС̣ץͳѧΪأʼͳƣʲôһԸͳΪͳѧйAͳѧҲAⲻ֪ëͳͳϡԭӵ֤ͳѧǻѻͳѧǶѻǣռձ

ռձԺձĶͳѧһִԲ򣬰Ūûꡣï࣬ƺΪʳ⣬ҪʳסձũֲҪİʮֲܹأܲһ㣬֮һʮܹ֡ˡ˰ɪѼïձ˵ͳѧôïһ̯һЦ˵ձͳúãҲ̫ᷢƽսˣ

ͳѧ̫ƽսëһ̴AAûAԺô˵ܴܲѣڴԺôձͲƷˣʵڴˡ

ձ˸㡰ʷ˾ţǻֻСǴйëйձĹۿ˵ĵƣԼѱҲСˡ

Үɵ¹ԭȺ𣬷Үɵ¹˵Ҳ֪йˣ顣Сձôࡰ֧ͨȴ֪йơйƣйԼƲãֵõСձƣ治֪ߵغձ֧ͨй`࣬еİձɡһУеɡУеɡıУŪͿˣԼϼǼˣȻйǹȦˣǺͿ͸й˺Ϳһй˺Ϳͣиףձ˺ͿȴԷʳͣһţҲ̶áǼʵһܶϳϣ޷ȡֻûͷԣչԱձС۹й½ᣬ󺰾ԱԷʳĽ

οͳѧڹһ̵ʱҲΪlka Su̫࣬ƺձйһʼ뵽նսģʽնսÿֻʮ򣬴йÿǰ߾Ҫ򣬵һµĿ֧ͳնսʮŸµܺ͡ձԤġۡ׼ҲʮϣӲͷƤ˵ԺҪ׼ǰȻĻǹȥɵ£ͱδĻ򡣡

ձѾһֻ̽Ų嵽ˣ

ץ

һһֻŲ嵽βҪһ㣬Ǳһֻٲ룬µĻ򡣵ִձȨɾûСУͲ¬±ˡһ±䣬ձѳ¶ûҪԻԫΣ˵޽軹ûַ꣬ΣͬʱץֻӣһҲץ

ǣձߵ·ȴץڶֻӣö̽ŴߡɽʮϽ˾λȾ²ö͵Ϯ飬Ȼ̯ƣ׼ʹְֻӾץץĲӣϻβ͡

ձվ͵Ϯ۳ɹĴţ˭뵽ȴһ˫أ͵Ϯϻƨϡ

ΪͳѧֻץֻΪֹŵֻأǾǶ½ιʱ¬±һ£ھ˻˼ϣΪ˽֧±䡱ձϧӢս⣬ٶս

ΪǶ˵ΪķҲǶ˵ķ񡣿ˡűռǡˣѿձ׳ˡβ硱tail windԴͷӰ죬ձġƽ񡱼Ȼ߻ħΪֻԴѡձġβ硱롰ƽ񡱣м޳ɴй⣿м޳ɡһΣ

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һľѡЦ˵һѡߣѡĻԭǣʶԷˣͶҵƱʶҵˣͶƱʶ˱Ƚ϶࣬ҵѡˣ

ɼһ˴æģʱԼѣǵˡ

ӡ˵ˮȥģˮHïָȥģrӵߵģ֣㲻һҪȥˮһҪï֣ϰղһҪӵ䣬Ҳһȥ

ԭܼܺ򵥣ˮΣϷɣֻ㲻Ҫᣬᣬͻ˼ˡ㣬

Edward S. Braggֿ֧Grove Cleveland˵ָΪֱ׿͸Ϊĵ˶ҪThey love himfor his integrity and judgment and iron willbut they love him most for the enemies he has made.ԣתΪһ˳ơΪĵ˶We love him for the enemies he has made.˶湻ζ

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