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    о۵

    йʱѿй½ʷѧõʷ֮һǰ󹲳۵רһһġйʱѿۼڶһġйʱѿࡷһŰһġʱѿоļݵרıͳƣһľŵһ߾֮䣬ʱΪޣжʮƪʮ꣬ڼеĴģʷۣжйǰᾭ÷չȤĵġҲǱдƪҪıʾҵĹġ

    پͲμ۵Ĵ½ʷѧ˵ǽǰѾĻǺģһԳǵо˼۵ָ֮½еġʵҲȷˡĶЩĵʱ򣬿һд۵ĸʽǾ˼ۣȻȥҼйȥ֤ййʷϲĵط˼ۻԴʷȥ˵ʷչĹ̡˼ۼȻǴ½ʷѧоݣƪľʹ˼˶νѿĿʼ߱˶˼ûֱӵоԴ󲿷˼۵Ĳ֣ȡԶ˼רо˼ѧߵƷ

    ȫķֳ䣬һڣ˼߶ʱԴͷչۣڶڣйʱѿдۺ͸ʽǱ߹۵ϵһ㲹䡣

    ˼߶ʱԴͷչۡӷ絽ۺ

    ˼Anthony GiddensڽʱͽۡCapitalism and Modern Social Theoryϵͳؽ˼ʱԴʹӷ⽨ɵʱĿ

    ˼Ϊ˼Է⽨ڵĿһ㾭ʷĵͿƵģΪ⽨ĻСģũҵӪ֮ũūƶȡֹͥҵͳֹҵ⽨ƺ͸ǰĹŴƶȲͬϣ⽨һƶȡ⽨ũūȻҪɸĲƷߺͲƷ֮ķ벢أһ˵ũūҪΪԼԼļͥҪġ⽨ׯ԰Уȥեȡ룬Ըʽάȥȫũū͵ũȥԸեȡ̫ʹ޷ȥʱڵʷҪϵСǵĲƷķչ̡仰˵С߱ߣͶάķչ̡˼ĸʱԴΪĸضǶʱ巢չдٽõġ

    һе

    ⽨ƶȵĽʱڵķչеķչеĹϵ˼ǿʮ˶Ǿиġȡ˸߶ȵȨеķչŴзչһǸҵʱԼƶͬʱչġЩǸʴũҵΪķ⽨ƶȵʮͿʼԣĹҵ𽥷չ

    ҵķչ

    ҵչ˹㷺ĻʹãƷĽԼиķչЩصӰ£һ浼Ƹ½һȴ˸ԣũûʽǶķۣûҰԼϵӢʮͽ֮ǰũūȫʧˣũͶ߶ѾɵСũfree peasant proprietorsˡ

    һЩĶУȻʮ;ѾʱʽӢʮʱҲһЩСΧʱ巽ʽĹҵǳйҵлĿ£зҵһչҪʹҵʱ޷ɳҪǣũ񻹶ǾжСũõλʱʱļǰչǲܵġ

    ԭʼĻۣprimitive accumulation

    ͻһĶԡԭʼۡĹ̵ġһʹñȽǿҵֶΰСũߣʹɥʧأΪͶά޲ߡ

    ˼Ӣľ̵ĵ͡ӢĶСũɹͶʼʮ͵ĩڡ֮ǰķ⽨սѾѺܶ⽨ĲƸˣԵһ޲ͶߣǴû½ɢ뿪ԱӢȨ١

    Ĺ뽻ʱǱȦ˶Enclosure Movementĵ·˶Flemishë֯ҵӢë۸񼱾ǣӢĹȦص¶⽨͸ȦصķʽԭũҵõرϸߵëƷľӪ󣬶ҪͶҲũҵӪ٣ɱ˽͡ũ뿪ء

    ʮӢڽ̸ĸָԭʼ۹̴һƶ̻رָ˻ţԵͼ˴ͶʵˡЩΪصļֵԭСغϲɴƬأѺܶԭϵϮũء뿪صũеΪؤߣеͶ͹гȥͶġɡ͹

    ġó׵չ

    ˼Ϊеҵķչԭʼۣǵʱ巢ĳһƽʱ巢չҪأǺгĿغͷչŷ޺гʮ͵ĵֶչġָŷҵҵԼҵһûйƽ̼Եأҡҡ׹ķ⽨źó׶ģǴĲƸĸӢ˵ڴؽʱ룬ԭ;¹ҵھɳкͻ֮֯ĺ۵͸ؿʼȻУcorporate townsķԺ;֮£Щ¹ҵѸٵķչӢĽʱں͹ڴģó׻Ͽʼ֡֯˹ҵǴԭؿƵĳֹҵ﷢չģ˼˵ģũ帱ҵӪ﷢չġũ帱ҵ֯ҵΪҪļߣũ帱ҵԹֱˣûйҵлƣķչص㡣

    ĸһԴٽʱ巢չĶ֮⣬˼־ٳ˼ʱ巢չԴspecific origins of capitalismһԴ˼ʱʽĵ·һֱַ֧ʽʮͳеġʮĩʮͳӢʱʽǣַʽܿͱɽһչ谭ˡ

    ڶ·Ǹ߱˻ʱҡ˼ΪǾиķչϧ˼ûоٳʷ֤˵ֻ˼ӢũҵӪϵӡ

    ڵڶԴ˼صǹҵķʽ˼ʱʽֳչĽ׶Ρڵһչ׶ֹҵѻؿµĹһĹֳɺüλɼ˷ֱȥַֹ취ĲãʹÿÿСʱĲ˳й˵Ĳʽʮ͵ʮĩռҵλӢŷũ帱ҵǲַʽеģȻַʽҲľԡʮĩгչʱڣʽ޷㵱ʱгҪˡķʹǳΪгҪȻʹûʱʽ˷չĵڶ׶Ρ

    ͻ˼Ľܣ㲹˵һ˼˵ʱԴǴʹ⽨ʱһЩƶҲ˵ǵʱֵıڻ˼˵Դָʱڹҵϵʽṹ½ʷҰԴʱѿ

    ҵĵڶ㲹䣬ǻ˼ĽܻǴΪ˼ʱ巢չһµġĸҵչԭʼۺͺóףصʷãӷ⽨ɵʱĹУвȱٵͬҪԡ

    ʵϣܶ˼ѧ߶ͬ˼ʾĵͽ͡Ӣ˼徭ѧҷBen FineһӡʱķչڲĶġˣʱԴһصϵתȥѰҡһЩ˼ѧߣʷȣPaul SweezyˣȴͬǿҵҪΪҵʱķչ߽⽨ĶʱԴڷ⽨ڲڷ⽨ⲿҵĵĳΪʲô˼ѧ߼˵أ

    ݺض٣R. Hilton˼Ǩۺͷ⽨嵽ʱĹɡMarxist Theories of Social Change and the Transition from Feudalism to CapitalismΪ˼˶ʱԴͷչǰһ£һûγһϵҪԭ˼ڶԷ⽨ɵʱо棬۵㡣һʮʮʮƷǸʱڣ˼ҵչгɳͳе𣬶Է⽨ɵĸʴƻΪҵʱγеڣΪʱķչṩ˿ʼĶ

    ˼ĵڶ۵㣬ʮߩƷ˼ġʱۡʱڵĴʱڣʱ巢ĿִҵչתƵԡߡ߱˺ʱҹ̵ӡָǨĸ;оԵԸȻ˼ٰķָ߱ʱҵıϣرڹУӵߵʱҺͿά޲߼ķֻı˼ΪҵȻпܰĲƷתΪƷȴܽΪʲôͶƷˣ仯Ҫڽϵ֮Уϵ֮Сʶ˼ڡʱۡﲢûǿĹгͳеĶܣصŵڽ׼ϵĲƲϵı仯ӢΣũȦɥʧأȻһûص޲׼𽥵زˡ֮Щۣ˼Ҫ赼ʱֵı֮ϸֻͣҪʱĳ֣ҳһṹϵı

    ˼ԡǨϵȱԣĺܶŷʷ鲻ϣԶδսԺر˹ʱԺ˼ѧ߲ٻʱȥۣǷ˼ʷչ׶˵ʷչĹͬؾ;עڶŷӷ⽨ɵʱķϡһ婖˼ѧ߶ŷʱ巢չоǷ粻һԼΪ֡

    һַʷȺͻ˹̹Immanuel WallersteinΪǿ˼ڵţΪԷ⽨ƶⲿģexternalҵչ͹ʷֹʱ巢չҪȻó׻гǷԷ⽨ڲĶأ

    ڶַеMaurice H. DobbضٺͲǣRobert Brennerֻ˼ڵţΪҵչݴ߻ĽɫѡȻ˵һְ취ûн⣬ȻԼҲһЩ޷⡣Ʃ磬Ϊʲôŷ޷⽨ũūСũĶڲͬĵвͬĽأΪʲôеĵͻĽʱϵĳ֣еĵȴСũõĳأ

    оǰPerry Anderson˼ҪۣһۺһЩ˼徭ѧۣ˹˿ۡϵĸı䣬Ƿʱ߶ȷչ֮ǰġһϣĿڶַһµģǣԷ⽨ڲ׼ǷԵص·⽨Σ⣬ȴܾκμ򵥵ݻʽĽ͡Ҳһַѧһǿк͹ó׵ҪȻڶַѧߣѳĻĶΪ⽨ƶⲿġѳпϣŵ紫Ųһ˵ΤMax WeberһŵŲԴʱҪԡ

    ϶ַۿ֪ءϵexchange relation͵ءƲϵproperty relationоǲŷʱԴͷչġƺһ϶صۺԽǶȣǽŷʷܱ;

    ˼ѧҲۺϽǶȣȥ̽ʱԴġũ帱ҵӪķչһ꣬λ¹˼ʷѧҿ£Peter KriedteϿˣHans MedickݰJurgen Schlunbohnϳһ飬СҵǰҵIndustrialization before Industrialization֮󣬱Ӣ뱾Ҳˡڽⲿ֮ǰ̸̸Ӱλ˼ʷѧҵʷѧϵ˹Franklin Mendelsͬһʷۡ

    һ߶꡶ʷJournal of Economic Historyϵ˹һƪС͹ҵҵ̵ĵһ׶ΡProto-Industrialization: The First Phase of the Industrialization ProcessġܵʷѧӡӢ¹ŷѧߣչϵ˹۵ۡϵ˹ǴĲʿġʮͷ¹ҵ˿ѹĹϵIndustrialization and Population Pressure in Eighteenth Century Flandersչġµũũҵͼͥ֯ҵֹҵƷгۡũҵһӪķʽ£µ˿ڳֱȴũҵϿٵϵ˹ۺ־εۺ޸ģֱһŰ˶£ڲ˹еĵڰ˽ʾʷϣԡ͹ҵۺʵʡΪĶʽ

    ϵ˹ƪ͹ҵ˵ǣһ۵ĶǵregionũΪгֹҵҴлñֹּͥҵһ㶼ǼԵģԱũҵʱ䡣Ȼָҵļ˷չҲдﵽרҵʵļְͥҵĿܡǣձʽԾǸҵʵġƷгڱ֮⣬ڱ֮⡣ѴڵĽΪгСֹҵ𡣣ģڡ͹ҵũƷƷչ֮еĹϵֹϵЩũרŷչʳԶʳȥСũʳѣҲڲũҵ͹òǵ롣ˣڡ͹ҵͬһһũֹҵһũƷʳ壩ֵķչзֲĹϵ򲻵ṩг豸ҲΪɢũֹҵˣṩӦԭϺչƷˡũֹҵʽһСɢơҲϵ˹Ƶġԭ͹ҵ

    ĻϣԵóܵķչ裺һֹҵĲ£˿ڵӡͻڹҵǰ˿ڵȻʺ͵䣬Զľϵˣһ˿ڿٳɳ͡͹ҵչܿݼֹҵӪ⣬ΪũֹҵķɢʽļչƱԭϷ䡢ƷռԼƷʹѵӺɱͼ˷ĶʡͶĻͶеĹĳṩ͹ҵչĽʹڹҵ͹ûʱڵˡũ˻лģ͹ҵķչʹ˴ó׾лйصļ֪ʶΪҵṩһѵҵҵĻ壩͹ҵũƷƷķչΪлʱڣʳ׼лڡ͹ҵ¸չ׶г֡

    ܵϵ˹۵ľ衣ϵ˹Ϊڡ͹ҵĵᳯҵķչ޶Ҳҵչơϵ˹֮ƣΪʷѾ֤ʵܶ͹ҵĳ֣Ҳǹҵչֹ㡣

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    ϱ˼ԡǨĽͣҲ˼۱ĲһԣĽ˼ѧ߶ԡǨ⿴ۡǻΪʵоϵҪЩ˼ʷѧҿʼȡȽۺԵоǶȡ棬Ǹһ㣬Ӣҵչľ飬ȥһ˼ԹҵչۡǶ֪˼ʱ巢չ۵ҪʵݣһǰǶӢҵչ֪ʶǸһӢʷѧҶӢҵչһЩʶȥ˼ĳЩ۸ݣǵıȽȻֻڼ棬ǶԽһ˽˼Ӧ洦ġڱȽϷ棬ӢʷѧҿDonald C. Coleman͵ҰP. DeaneΪṩһЩֳɵϡ

    ͹ҵʱ幤ҵĹϵ

    ӢѡʮϺ͹ҵķ֯ԷʮũֹҵУڹҵУûзչΪҵֻĸչɹˡĸYorks, Lancs, Trent  West Midland˵һʵǶӢ͹ҵںĹҵУûзչִĹҵַ֣ʧܺͳɹĵ֮䣬ǣɹĵλúúġʧܵĵƫƫúʮҵ֮⣬ӢĶ˹ԭǡ͹ҵǺȴչ˹ҵǵĳɹƺҲλúйϵƺúλöӢĹҵʽľԣҪûС͹ҵĴڸҪ

    ȥʱע⵽úʱ幤ҵչĹϵҲǱȻġ Kentish Weald ĹҵչľΪ˵ġ͹ҵʽķ֯ҵʮĩʮͳչ߷塣˷֯ҵ֮⣬ﻹӵԼռӢȫٷ֮ʮʮˮķ¯ǵʮĩķ֯ҵûˣʮĩұҵҲûˡ˵͹ҵҵ֮䣬ûзչϵıȻϵҵĳ֣Զһ˼ߵӵöࡣ

    λ˼ʷѧȻҲע⵽ˡҵǰҵȻɵʱ幤ҵȥһһҵֵıرΪʱ幤ҵĹɣֻһܹ֮ʵ֡һܹаѡ͹ҵڹݵĽɫһȫȷĵλӷչĽǶ˵˼˼߶ԡ͹ҵоǶȣȻصȱݡ

    ͹ҵ˿ڵı仯

    ϵ˹λ˼ʷѧҶһΪ͹ҵķչȻ˿ڱȽϿٵǴһҪƪģһƪϵ˹ԷũֹҵоһƪǿʿHerbert KishǺصоThe Textile Industries in Silesia and the Rhineland: A Comparative Study in Industrializationǵƺʾǣҵǰũ壬رǡ͹ҵͶǹʣġȻݽӢʷ˿ѧE. A. WrigleyһŰһġӢ˿ʷһһһһPopulation History of England, 15411871ָӢʮͳڿʼһ˿ڷձʻ鸾ŮѽӣνŽ鸾ŮˡɼͥƽŮļ٣ˣһ굽һĩ֮䣬Ӣ˿ڼͣ״ֵ̬עǣǸӢк幤ձͬʱġԹڵʱӢͥΪάֽϸߵˮƽŮĿơӢ˵ƺͶҵĹϵͶʣоԡ

    ӢȦ˶ʱ巢չ

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    Ȧڼ䣬ӢһС͸ؾӪĹңҴũҵ˿һֱ֮УֱʮҶԺũҵ˿ڲؼ١֮ΪȦ˶ΪҵչṩͶ˵ǲ˹ǿġ

    ϱҺܲȫؽһ㣬ǰӢʷѧӢҵչʶЩܵĿжһ˵˼ʱ巢չ۵֪ʶǾԿɿġڹȥʮ䣬½ʷѧйʱѿʱϰϲȽйŷȽҵҷչͬȻνŷޣȫһǰ˼ŷ޵ʶΪݡֱȽо伫Ϊصȱݵġ±۴½ѧ߶йʱѿо

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    йʱѿĴ½ѧõо˵¸˼ѧһҲɷֳɣһӲƲϵı仯һǿϵΪҵʱķչйʱѿĶ֮⣬Ƿڴμѿ۵У۸ʽһǹҰ׹ʽоǿʷоʽ

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    й⽨ڵƷõķչѾʱѿûʱӰ죬йҲطչʱᡣ

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