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ԭҸӡһݣʱĸӡ̫ʽˣҪƬõҩˮûҪɫֻиƬ´ûκ͢ݸƬΪسһס

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1.˼ƺд˼Ϻá

2.official ideology롰ġۡ塯ideology ʣĵġۡ塱ƺԾ֮ܵΰΪǴӡ־ģΪνᡱ룩ʶ̬ʹ⡣Ϊԡʶ̬Ժá

3.ֹۻ壬ֱΪһδһԶĿǰָժΪܶ䣬⹫ۻ壬Ϊ˵Ĳʥ䣬ǿȹֻнܲʵᡣҵ˼һ棬ʮ֣ǿȵķ确һΪһ确ɣΪ˹ɣȵȶķ

4.סáΪͨס

5.رذѵ׻ɡˡsuper-human)ʥdeification)ΧزֵգҪʹ񰮴 Ҫʹη󡰲Ҫʹ񰮴һ䣬òÿ϶Ϊߺľ侯ǣеҲСĿܻɷ֣ҲСЦɥʩ⡱ȵȳ֡һЩūԹࡱҲٻᷢäĿΡ

6.īᡱáīᡱΪͨס

7.BureaucracyͨΪΡ뷨ﲡΪй˶ԡšһйȸɷ֣ΪɡΡȽϺһ㡣

8."dogmaǷΪһ㣿

9.Totalitarianism֮ȫɹڡͳƼĸ߶Ƚ£ǾܡGeorge OrwellNineteen Eighty-Fourˡ޷塱״̬˱Ŭֹ1984١һ˵̫ƫڡñذܡԤԣ֪֮ܡءŬԸܵõܡٲӣ˾ʹ˵һ£ãGore VidalС˵MessiahĳЩ棬ɲGeorge Orwell飩

10.ο鷽棬William Ebenstein  Todays Isms Eric Hoffer  The True BelieverȵȣΪͨףƿо١

ʮҶƪһֳĵĶ¡ݲԣ˼ֻıʾƪֵľѡйʶ̫̫ͣʵҪָ֣ʾͿޡնԽұˣֻǼߵ⣬ڹ֮⣬Щ۽man of actionйʵΣҵĳɼǣƶԲΪΪձĹ۵ϣġˡġˡǵʶˮ׼£ǶäζΪ伣ʹ֮־죬ֺο

쿴ڷԱ߼๤ĽС̶̡ġڶ׬ЩǮȻᵽɽȥӡ峯ʫˡݼ͵ĸɷָɷǽʫдġ

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˯ѣؿ塶ȫ塱㯡˼ΪŵĲ䣺

1.пɼעȫ塱ӢTotalitarianismS. AndreskiA Dictionary of the Social Sciences Edited by Julius Gould, William L. KolbΪµĶƣ룬Ϊһע

2.Stephen Decatur УOur country, right or wrong ֮ǰƿɼɾںţǰΣOur country! In her intercourse with foreign nations may she always be in the right,butΪꡣStephen Decatur⻰˵19͵1816ꡣǰһͣCharles ChurchillWilliam Cowper ȣ˵Ƶļ˹ĻCharles Churchill˵Be England what she will,/with all her faults she is my country stillWilliam Cowper ˵ Englandwith all thy faults I love thee still,/My country!ЩȵģųֺĽ֮ۡ Stephen Decatur  Toast at a Dinner ʮһ꣨1847John Quincy Adams ͸Ŀ˵

And say not thou  My country right or wrong

Nor shed thy blood for an unhallowed cause.

ֹ˶ʮ꣨1872Carl Schurz˵Ҳƣ

Our country, right or wrong. When right, to be kept right

When wrong, to be put right.

ֹ˶ʮ꣨1901G. K. Chestertonı£˳

My country, right or wrong is like saying,

My mother, drunk or sober. 

˵ǡ⡱  

ЩԵĿԹҿݱۼMachiavelli ʱġ˫ص¡double morality˵ڡҡĹϵġ˫ص¡ݻΪҡĹϵˣ˵ǡص¡ˣ

ӽ˼ʷԹҿݱۼǽģֽҲһݡٽУҲҲһ˹ʽѧҵڣGabriele DAnmmzioˣΪþްĿۡѧ̴֮֮ۡ˼뾯족֮ȻΪΪҵеһ֪ʶˣҲϡΪӥȮ·ˣ

Ϊ֮ԡܡŪ֮һʷɹοҲ

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ȫרơµĸ˺

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ȫ塱ƶȣϸ˵ӦΪȫרơTotalitarian Dictatorship20͵˼̬롰 Liberal Democracyȫ෴

һȫרơıʺ

ȫרƵıʲô⣬ִѧߣȫҵѧڣһµĽ۵ءǶϣκȫȨмͨĻҪءЩҪأཻ֧֣֯ǡлڲ֯һ㣬ȫרƵıʡЩҪأо£

һġۡ塱official ideologyȫȨ֮£һֹۻ塣һۻ͸ÿһĹ˽ÿһ񣬲ҲáҲãֹۻ壬ֱΪһδһԶĿǰָժΪܶ䣬⹫ۻ壬Ϊ˵Ĳʥ䣬ǿȹţֻнܲʵᡣ

һ͵һȫר֮£ʵϣֻ׼һĴڡԱδضࣨеĲ˿ڵʮ֮һɲŵ壨ۻ壩ԸһпֶΣƹ㵳塣ڲ֯ϸĽײ㣨hierarchyáͷƶȡoligarchyߵֻһˡȨԽһ壬ԵȻΪùĶߣDictatorȫȨһУκ˸һɴ¹ͷ˹֡رذѵɡˡsuper-humanʥdeificationΧزֵգҪʹ˰Ҫη

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壩Ķռƣȫר֮£׼˽һоеռϸơƣܷĹ涨˽ΪȨ֮һȽ϶ա

ȫõǿͳƣȫר֮£ȫǿͳƣ涨ϸȫƻϸָӡ

ȫרơصô롰ơĲ߻֮һڶԡΡıʺ˽ⲻͬ

ιڡĹ£Ρһֶѡ޷档ֹ£αܿռʱơʱͻԲʱնǨԣϣûСԵڡΪǡsearchԡtrial)ʧߡerror͡Ľreform޷ѡ֮£ɡϵָ塱individual߼ֵϡ⣨spontaneityǿƣabsence of coercionԡ㲻ġԡϵĿݡpolitical toleranceΪıʣҲһȶռĿݽУΪθɵַһȴţÿһɣܵʮֵأھεԡʧߺ͸Ľ֮󣬽𽥴һϺг硣

ȫι෴ȫ塱ȴ㲻ġȫͳķ߻άԾӡǵĹʷʵֵḶ́ռĿšεĿģڼٴٽݽΪҪﵽĿ꣬ΪҪʵκҪܣκδ۶ҪڴˣαΪһ־ԵѧԵѲͬһƽϣҪһС쵼һСһжҪΡŷһϷ裺δĽֹģɣڶùδɵģֹȫδĽֹģǿơȫĹΪ˽ԡʧߺ͸Ľһ־ѧǿʩĵй̣ԣʲôǡϵĿݡȫ޷˽⡣ѧ˷һУ֧ϵʱ򣬱εռɹȫ岻տڲ̸ɵġνɡȴ׷õġ塱collectivityľԴڼֵԡġɡʵָɺɣȫͻ

ȫרơµĸ

ԵʧȫѬյˣǡԵʧimpersonalityɴEichmannһӡȫûġŵġ塱棬ľ޸飬֪񡢲ڣѱɡȫܵ֯һСȫרҪҡᡢڻΪһԱͼȫһܳɹ̶͡Ʃ編˹ͼı˴ͳԸҪÿһ˸ĳɡࡢ͡ЧʡЦ䡢顱ɴ¹Ҫ¹ɳ˳ӣһҲҪӡȫרΪҪÿһϵģͣ˽һڣ޲Ը͹ɣŹԴﵽ뻮һĿꡣʱȵİߣǡװԵǡ˯ǡ봲еǡ񡱡ǡ硱ͬأִȫרȨɴ˹޲ÿһ񣬰ѡ塱ԡˮȣÿնʮСʱʱ롰塱塱塱ҪĿģڹ䵳壬бںţݵӢ¾磬ŵıϰսɻĵӰĲǾ֣Ǹ̡塱ӽĸ涨ƷȫһɴãҲͳһԱѧķװĬЦҲҪзִ磬࣬ùɷϵ·ߣԽ¶㣬ЧǶ͹ۡɡáҸ֡ǻۡԡ޾ƫšʶˡϵ塢ΪȨģûмֵкӦȡ޻򴦷ȫģģһֻˣֻееġ䱾ܡͷԣۼδ̼Ħ޷ʹָ˼еַջǣѾûУһζԸʹսΪҽԴΪϹ١ɴͷ˹ȷ䵳Ա̶ȡ

ȫרµᣬҲᷢҪ£

һŵûȫȨԺǿͳ£ԭеһ壬ᡢ̻ᣬԼáĻѧְҵڽֵ̡壬ػɥʧԣʼʣȫȨԺ󣬱ضÿһԭżԳ׵ۡеı顢еıɢ޿ɱ⡣ΪȫȨҪǾԵȨͳ֮£׼Ȩκ֯ڡȫרͳߣԡķ߻άԾӣָɡ˼ɡɼȿܶ⡰ľɻҡԣѧѧȳΪӺѹȵĶȫר֮£׼ڵţپжĹĿ꣬ѱȨ͸ϸļӺͿƣֻΪ˷Ȩڡ

еĹûʹȫܵȫרȨҲ޷ȫ˵һЩУתЩУԴﵽĿġƩȫרԲ飬Ϊʹ죬ʵΪʹ񾫳ŽᣬΪҷȫԲΪʹȣΪʹ˿϶ʵӻΪҹȫרԲΪŮʹ֣ͥУΪڶ˿ӴӺ͹ΨһԴȫרԲԽΪܸƸ߽ˮ׼ΪΪҼپ⣻ȫרԲ֣Ϊܵ飬ұԣΪʹʹ࣬ƣͣչЧʣȫרԵģЩ޷õУ籯ۡȣΪвĿģľΪȫȨų⡣ԷŮǸڽ̻µɣֻϣÿһ˱ֽ϶ľΪܶ

۵Ĺʽȫרƣһռƴڴߣһ棬ڹ˽Ҳע⡣ԣȨ֮£ÿһ˲ڽ̸˽լ죬뾭߾͵ġȷۡ⣬տڲ˵ЩȷۡӦþ˵ʹ϶ܹϸ˽ɣҪáΪϸ˽ʾ±Ժ±Ϊ̸۽ɡΪʲô˵˵ʹ˶ŪĬҲɡΪֳĬʾԸȫҹУн֤֧Ȩ˲Ǳڵͽʲô㣬ȫר֮£һۣ۹˽𽥹һʽ

ģĸɿݻȫר֮£һζĸͿơȫ棬һ򵥵رֳɡáַ֡ı׼ڡۡڡЧáɴ¹ͷ˹ﵳ塢̵̫ƽ߳ںšҫҡ塢Ȩӡɡ񡢿˼ŽᡢսڼЧҡϣɹʤǡȫĺܱͽ෴أǱ¶ĳ飬Ӵţչ˼룬дѹơեȡᡢƭαɡܡȺ衢̡ҡɡۡìܡ˽֪մ񡢺ڰʹࡢޡⶼǡǰܵĻܹų⡣ȫרԶҲҪԸ棬ΪΪȫɣֱҲвȨάġΪҲһлһӦΡνΪߵĳζѡȫר֮£áңھϱŴ͹ܾ䣬ܵƲáȫר֮£ǵƾźУɴ죬ڹģָͣ򹫶Ŀ꣬СؾأɵذķС

壩ŵƶȻȫר֮£άȨҪߡѹ켺跴ԣκȫȨҪЧܾ֯Ϊһֳƶȣڹ֮䣬ձɿֲƶȵЧãض⣬ɭѹȸУʹÿһҹ־Ŵɡ־ĲͿ־壬ȫУ޲ĵıϣηηβҶһȨڲƶȻĿţ˵ȫרƾԴڵʯ

ȫרơĴ֢

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ȫȨۻ壬δԶһ˵ʮɣû־ԡ߼֪ʶѧʷĿ飬ڶȤ֪ʶԳЦʵȫרƲֹۻۻ岻ڲάרƵıװζѡȫȨҪɴ¹ͷ˹֤ʵ񡰶ѱäӡ͡źӵ

һѱäӣȫȨһֶκͷʹԷӣΥõֶκͷ20͵ˣ޲ĿƩ磺֯켺跴ԣ񶨸ɣɱԷ⣬ѧ˼룬ͳĻ˽ֹΣһеȡȫǿѹ£˼롢ۺΪ𽥻еһڹٶģͬ͡ʱɥʧ˼͹۶Ĺ۲жϣͷڹΪıûʱΡڻһ˼ˣһξ͸еͿ־壬ֻ뾡ӱθеȤҵҹʵģֻЩźӵרƵˡӴˣȫȨ㲻ֿȥ

źӵȫȨΪŵӵߣ֧רƵĶȶ˵ֿɷΪࣺ

(1)˽֧ͣȨΪԹۻ˽⣬ͬǴȻ˽ĶӵȨΪҪ˻ø򱨸˽˽Թѡ

(2)äĿͣ˰ȫרȨԼ죨extensionԼȫרȨ졣ڹϣȨͬself-identification)Ȩû롱ego-involvement)ʶʶԺΪȨĳɹʤΪԼĳɹʤΪȨĴۺʧܶΪⲻԼĲҺͳ衣ǵ֪ʶ˼޷ҡ롰ȨֱǵĹУȨǡҡäĿ֧ȨǡȨΪͽҪԴȪ˻ڽۻ壬ΪԵĵ¡ԵʱܷȨĳһΪʱѽԸһУڵ¡ʹ㲻£㻹ҵStephen Decatur˵ġOur countryright or wrong˵ȨԽҵģԣûףȨѡʶؽMachiavelliɵġ˫ص¡double momlityΪڸ˵ĵһףںƽʵ͹ڹҺĵһףڱƭš

(3)ͣȫרȨĿӵߡ˵ȨֻͽΨһԴȪۻ壬ֱΪԵĵ¡ԵǿţӵȨ֣ϵ۵ԣȨģƣڵ£ΥȨģǶΥ¡ԸΪȨĴͷչһУڣԴΪϹ١ȫרȨռĿ꣬Ҫ͵ˡ

ȫרƣһʱԵǿʢȴڵ㡣޷֢ᣬҪм

һܣһ裺ȨضܣԵȨԵĸܡPower corrupts, absolute power corrupts absolutelyһơȫ塱㡣ȫרƲȡͷơȨڼˣһˡ壬ûȨķʹƺ⣬ûп͹۵ɵļ֡ȻۣȨ߲κ˸𣬲κ˿ƣʱһãᵳӪ˽Եȱݶ¶̰ŰҰġ˽αơ١̡ꡢ֪ԡȣ޴ԼΪεĻ󶯻ս;ĩ·ֱȨϣաīᡢӢӡ

Σȫר20ͲŲ̬䱾ȴִģȫڡˡ档СִΡʽȴС⽨Ρʵʡȫר֮£ΪһǵȨԸı֡ȫרƵĵʥԺ󣬸屻ҪЧҵĶѾǇңǵˡȨ̬ʣڡɲ⡱unecrtainty͡instabilityɲ⣬Ϊֻǵ˵˼顢ƫķӳʵѽ룬׽ΪȨġ䡱rational distributionȨġƽתơpeaceful transferûءƶȻinstitutionalized㣬ȨҡͻȻʱ̱¶ʱ򣬵ռľԵλȻգȨݵʧԺ󣬽ɢʽɧңûʽȨᣬսͳӢʱİį̄ϣպ˹ʱ̱šҡΣԱȽϣ˽⣻ȫר֮£ҪʹȨƽȵתƣεѡǡΡ֮һ⣬κȫȨ޷⡣ȫרƵıǸ˶ãκθ˶ãɫ֮һǶ֮ԸܡҲԼļ̳ˡΪ̳ˣڽȨһָˣԵλһǱвԣʷϵκζߣؿǹԼĹǰ;ǵǣĹ£Apres moi, le deluge. ϣڷһʱ򣬾񣬾ĵͱ֡ȫרƣȨϣϮԾƵȱ㣻Ȩļ̳ϣȴûϮԾƵŵ㡣

ȫרƣɡ⡢ڵвԶɱƶ֮£˼˥ˡɿݡͳһҹʽ͡塢еʽȨҲⷢͬӲԣɵܵĹΣbureaucracyûЧʣɥʧԣıĸ޷ӦתĸơԽ͢ȨĩڵΣ֤Ȩ֪ܽѸٳ׸ĸＴ𣬶Բ˿Ϊ

ģ룺ǰ˵ȫרʵϽͬȶȵֶ֧ԣãԸѽڣ֮䣬𽥳ƽŷѧ߳˵һ˽̸ʱָΪǡԼΪǡؽǡ롰ǡ𣬰ѡǡ롰ǡ벢ͬĴڣ֤ľ룬ѾСˡȫȨľڵĸֱ߽⡣ȫȨ佫ۻ岻ع񣬵ȥɴͷ˹ľ֤ŬЧСΪǿȵĽɿնĿںţǿƵ˼룬ǱӭϣԷֻ꣬ǷǳķСЩȨаµĿѧ¼ӰȻеĹߣЧһ޶ȣ޶ȣáΪѧԼ¼Ӱ޷жϡĹжϣҪȻ˵ͷԡȫרȨҪܵļҪԱӴ֯ȨԸغɡȫȨΪȫһһҪ¼͵ӰװÿһͥÿһÿʮСʱУȫ¼ӰʹܹãȨİȫҲкΰΪ;ÿԴԴؽȨϣ˭˭жϣȫ˿һҪһеÿһ׵ļӺ飬ƽҪһһ˵ȥңǵ꣬˭֤κȫרȨ԰Ρ

֣ȫרڵ֢ᣬרƵı޷롣ȫרƴһ죬һ죬޷ԣִʷѾ֤ȫרƣֻ·ߡһӲάȫרƵıԣͼ޸ģäĿ·ɴ¹˹ձһȫרƱʵȱݣ𽥼޸Ļ嵭ɻĻ·ϸϣϸ˵Ļɣ֧֣Ȩŷ޹ҡȹòݱ䣬ΪѾȨΨһ;

˵ƺìܵģʷȷڽʾȫ塱ȨܷⲻֻҪԸȫӲdogma߽ΨһĻ·Ҫ·Ƿߵù졢ߵùԶ

19651031

УȴĺСݡʦԭҲ

Ҫο飺

1.Harry Eckstein and David E. Apter, Introduction to Totalitarianism and Autocracy Comparative Politics, 1951.

2.Hannah Arendt, The Origin of Totalitarianism, 1951.

3.J. L. Talmon, The Origin of Totalitarian Democracy.

4.Carl J. Friedrich and Z. K. Brezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy ,1956.

5.Alex Inkeles, The Totalitarian Mystique1954.

6.Else Frenkel-Brunswick, Environment Control and the Impoverishment of Thought, 1954.

7.Karl W. DeutchCracks in the MonolithPossibilities and Pattern of Disintegration in Totalitarian Systems ,1954.

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