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й˵йǧܺãϸĸڽҲòãҪȡˡ

϶Ǻ׼ȷд𣿲Ǻ׵ָйǧСá

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ΪеǡеֻǡַҰǡ¡롰ɡĸֲͬͬĳͻйʷϵģõӾšɽ˵ʮ꣨ʮ꣩ڡȨ塷彲УŵĻ

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ԴǴʧԺйһ˼˱֪ҪйǿʢҪйܹѩ֮˵ִ裬±ǷЧɣʿѧҪѧһϵ¶Ҫѧ

ǵ˼УɨһҪǡйľеġ˼롱ᵽ˼롱ʻ㣬׷ƲǴģǱˣɽɽ꣬ڡٸũ۽顷ȷ֮˼ĸ̾һжʽġ塱һıʾʹԪġ۹η塷˵Уɵ֤

˼롱һ֢֡XenophobiaĲжǳ׵ġ⡱ɽ֡⡱˼룬Ѿ˵ܶࡣԶԪԪʱͳְԡҪ֮һϴȥ֮ͬ9£д顷ŦԼġ̫New York Sun, Sept. 24 1912Ҳ֤й⣻⣬ӭĴʿˡʱҺͿѧҡͬһ꣬ٵҲʹⱩҪЩԵķԡ˼롱ʾЩ֤ݣ˵ɽ͵ʱɽ쵼֮µĹ񵳣ԡ˼롱һʾйǧǡáģҪȡˡ

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׷ɽЩԡ˼롱϶ЧּأǲγЩصʷԶ1897꣨ʮ꣩ɽӦӢŴѧѧҵԶ˹Herbert Allen Giles֮룬дһƪ̵ġԴԴ˵ʮʱ򣬾͸ȥģʱ뿪磬ʼ֮棬׺֮Ľѧ֮ģ֮롱ɴ˿ɼɽĽѧ֮ġʮͿʼˣʮԺĵԺIolani CollegeԺOahu College۵İңDiocesan HomeԺQueen's CollegeݵĲҽԺCanton Hospital۵ҽԺThe College of Medicine for Chinese, Hong KongӢ˰ѧУʮ䣬ǺڵѧЩʹɽݣͬйĸ־ʿΪЩ־ʿ̫סˡνʡΪȵȣʱ򣬻ûеü֮棬׺֮Ļᣬǵصصġӡжġ˽⡱ȫǼӵģִǴʿӡ򡰶ˡĶֻǲİѡ˽˶٣ʹл۸ϡ̩ĳ̶ȺͽҲǳޡ

ֽȻͬķҰ£ɽݵĶأȻʹ֪׺֮ľȹȹĵ

ǡ̩֮ѧߢȡ̩֮ѧߢȡ֮ʿߢȡĴġ̩֮ѧ

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ɽᵽ///ұ/б

1Hendrick Christian Anderson/20//̼/ʵҵƻ¼

2Roger Bacon/13/Ӣ/ѧҡѧ/塷Ľ

3̸John Earl Baker/19//̼/ʵҵƻ¼

4͹Mikhail Aleksandrovich BakuninͿ/19//μҡѧߡ/Ȩܷ塷Ľɹ˲Ҫɡ

5ڸPierre Eugene Marcelin Berthelot/19-20//ѧ/ѧ˵

6ʿOtto Von Bismarck اʿ󡱣˹󡱣ʿ󡱣/19//μҡѧ/塷͢Ϊ֮ܳɡй⡷ѧ˵ڶ¡Ȩ塷ġ彲

7Henry Arthurs Blackܶ/19-20/Ӣ/μҡѧ/ܶ״ⶩƽ³ת̸޳顷

8ϿˣJean Joseph Charles Louis Blanc/19//ʷѧҡ/֮ɱ

9ǣMichael Borodin, ͢/19-20/̫/μҡѧ/ʡ˰֮ġҪԱɹרӳɹƪֻںࡶȫ֮ڵԱȫ岻һˡ

10ֱJohn William Burges/19-20//μҡѧߡѧҡ/Ȩܷ

11ԼJoseph Caillaux/19-20//μҡѧ/й⡷

12裨James Cantlie/19-20/Ӣ/ҽѧ/׶رʱ֮򡷡׶رѼǡѧ˵ڰ¡ʱͳְ¿躯ʱͳ󸴿躯л˺

13Alexis Carrel/19-20//ҽѧҡѧ/ѧ˵һ

14ĵϣGeorge Cavendish/16/Ӣ/ҡѧ/׶رѼǡ¼

15ǣEnrico Caviglia/19-20//¼/ʵҵƻ¼

16ϲ˹ޣLord Hugh Richard Heathcote Cecilϣ˹塱/19-20/Ӣ/μҡѧ/Ȩܷ֮Ҫ޸³֮˵Ȩܷ

17ŲףJoseph Chamberlain/19-20/Ӣ/μҡѧ/й⡷

18ʿһCharles /17/Ӣ/Ԫ/Ȩ塷һ

19ʿڶCharles /17/Ӣ/Ԫ/Ȩ塷һ

20ҮգJesus Christ/ǰ111/̫/ڽ̼/֪ס񵳷֮ܶ˼ערעؾ¡塷

21ᣨGeorges Eugene Benjamin Clemenceau󡱣/19-20//μҡѧ/ѧ˵ڰ

22Robert Clive/18/Ӣ/μҡѧ/й⡷塷

23¶George Douglas Howard Cole/19-20/Ӣ/ѧҡѧҡС˵/⼰֮

24ӶArchibald Ross Golquhoun/19-20/Ӣ/ҡм/ѧ˵

25ײChristopher Columbus/15-16///й⡷ʵҵƻ

26Oliver Cromwell/16-17/Ӣ/Ԫ/Ȩ塷һ

27Alfred Cunningham/19-20/Ӣ//ݷлǰʷʮһ¡ŷ־ʿ֮ϵ

28٣Georges Jacques Danton/18//μҡѧ/Ȩ塷Ľ

29ģCharles Robert Darwin/19/Ӣ/ѧ/ʱѧӦ¡֮ɱѧҪ־²١ѧ˵¡ʵҵƻۡ塷ڶ

30ѸDaniel Defoe or Daniel De Foe/17-18/Ӣ/С˵ҡۼ/֮ɱѧ˵ڶ

31ѿTheophile Delcasse/19-20//⽻/й⡷

32ĦأDemocritus/ǰ5-ǰ4/ϣ/ѧ/ѧ˵

33John Dewey/19-20//ѧҡѧ/ѧ˵

34ʿ̣Benjamin Dismeliʿ/19/Ӣ/μҡѧߡ/ѧ˵

35Paul Doumer/19-20//μ/ǰ꽫¸ͬ־ѧ˵ڰ

36廪ߣEdward VII»ߡ/19-20/Ӣ/Ԫ/й⡷

37˹̹Albert Einstein/19-20/̫/ѧ/塷һ

38˼William Ellis˹/18-19/Ӣ/ڽ̼/ѧ˵ڶ

39裨Richard Theodore Ely/19-20//ѧ/ȫ·л֮⡷

40ٱȶEmpetocles/ǰ5/ϣ/ѧ/ѧ˵

41ȵ£Marie Madeleine Pioche de La Vergne La Fayette/18-19//¼/֧֮

42㣨Ferdinand Foch/19-20//¼/¶ƺӦ硷

43أHerny Ford/19-20//ҵ/塷һ

44Francois Marie Charles FourierҶ/18-19//ѧ/֮ɱ

45Friderich the GreatҴۡ/18/³ʿ/Ԫ/й⡷

46ʵأMohandas Karamchand Gandhi/19-20/ӡ/μҡѧ/塷彲

47أGiuseppe Garibaldiﲨء/19//μҡѧ/˾

48ߵҵArmand Gautier/19-20//ﻯѧҡҽѧ/ѧ˵

49ΣDavid Lloyd George·Ρ/19-20/Ӣ/μ/д塷

50ΣHenry George׿λκΡΡ/19//ѧҡѧ/θ֮˼Ժƽ֮ɱѧ˵ڶ¡֮취

51Զ˹Herbert Allen Giles˹/19-20/Ӣ/ѧ/Դǰʮ꣩

52ŵŵFrank J. Goodnow/19-20//ѧҡѧ/طΪ֮ʯѧ˵¡Ȩ塷һֶ塶Ȩ塷һ

53ǣCharles George Gordon/19/Ӣ/¼/ƾ˼Ҫ塷֮˵Ȩ塷һ

54˵ôۣPeter the Great/17-18//Ԫ/й⡷

55ףEdward Grey/19-20/Ӣ/⽻/й⡷

56ϲCharles Hagerϲʦ/19-20/ʿ/ڽ̼/ݷʷڶŷҮս֮

57ˣDouglas Haig/19-20/Ӣ/¼/¶ƺӦ硷

58Richard Burdon Haldane/19-20/Ӣ/μҡ¼ҡ/й⡷

59٣Alexander Hamiltonֶ١ܶǡܶǡ/18-19//μҡѧ/Ȩ塷Ľ

60յ£Sir Robert Hart/19-20/Ӣ/⽻/塷

61ԼJohn HayԼ/19-20//μҡ⽻/йķ

62ϣ˹Von Heidenstam/19-20//ˮר/ʵҵƻڶƻ

63Tomas Erskine HoIlandڡ/19-20/Ӣ/ѧ/׶رѼǡ¼

64ϣEvariste Regis Huc/19//ʿм/ѧ˵һ

65ղJameson/19-20//̼/ʵҵƻڶƻ

66ڻThomas Jeffersonѷѷ/18-19//μҡԪ/Ȩѧ˵Ľ

67Լ˹٣Harry Hamilton Johnston/19-20/Ӣ/⽻/й⡷

68ԼǣJoshua/ǰ13/ɫ//й顷

69ʮKarl /17-18//Ԫ/й⡷

70˹Alexandorovitch Feodrovitch Kerenskii˹/19-20//μҡѧ/ҪԱɹרӳɹƪֻںࡶȫ

71John L. KerrԼ/19-20//ҽѧ/׶رѼǡ

72³ؽPeter Kropotkin/19-20//ѧҡרҡѧҡ/Ȩܷɹ˲Ҫɡ

73Jean Baptisete Lamarckˡˡ/18-19//ѧ/ѧ˵

74ʹ̣Pierre Simon Marquis de Laplace˹/18-19//ѧҡѧ/ѧ˵

75Homer Lea/19-20//¼ҡѧ/ϵԭ֮¼ƻѧ˵ڰ

76William Edward Hartpole Lecky/19-20/Ӣ/ʷѧ/ֶ塶Ȩ塷һ

77ʫGottfried Wilhelm Baron Von Leibniz or Leibnitzȡ/17-18//ѧҡѧҡμ/ѧ˵

78Nikolai Lenin/19-20//μҡѧ/֮ڵԱȫ岻һˡ塷ġ

79棨Ferdinand Marie Vicomte de Lesseps˹/19//̼/ѧ˵

80ֿϣAbraham Lincoln/19//ѧҡԪ/й֮ǰ;ŬΪȨԾȨ֮סȨ򡢡й⡷д塷־ʡʮʮաѵ֮֮͡취Ա塷Ϊ֮ߡ¹ҵʵ塷˾Ҫ˸ȹ񵳷֮ܶ˼ערעؾ¡Ȩѧ˵

81ְٿˣPaul M. Linebarger/19-20//ѧ/ְٿˡй͹Sun Yat Sun and The Chinese Republic

82·ʮģLouis /17-18//Ԫ/Ȩѧ˵һ

83·ʮLouis /18//Ԫ/Ȩѧ˵һ

84·ɯMarie Louisa/18-19///й⡷

85Charles LyellĶ/18-19/Ӣ/ѧ/ѧ˵

86˹Thomas Robert Malthus˹˹/18-19/Ӣ/ѧҡѧ/֮ɱ塷һ

87Patrick Mansonѷ/19/Ӣ/ҽѧҡȴѧ/׶رѼǡ

88Guglielmo Marconiᡱᡱ/19-20//ѧ/֮ɱ

89ĦѷGeorge Ernest Marrison/19-20/Ĵ/м/й⡷

90William Alexander Parsons Martin/19-20//ڽ̼/ȨܷıҪȨѧ˵彲

91˹Karl Heinrich Marx˼/19//ѧҡѧ/֮ɱ֮˵塷һĽȨѧ˵Ľ塷һ

92ᣨWilliam McKinley/19-20//Ԫ/й֮ǰ;塱

93ЪRobert Michels/19-20//μҡѧ/ͬ־лԷӵΪΨһ顷

94գJohn Stuart Millա/19/Ӣ/ѧҡѧҡѧҡ߼ѧ/ѧ˵¡Ȩѧ˵ڶ

95ºĬ£Mohammed/6-7//˹̽/塷һ

96Ī³ˣHelmuth Karl Bernhard Graf Von MoltkeĦѿ˲/18/³ʿ/Ԫ˧ѧ/Ӧʱսѧ

97»James Monroeޡ/18-19//Ԫ/塷й⡷йķ޸³֮˵塷ڶ

98ϵ˹楂Charles Louis de Secondat baron dela Brede et de Montesquieu/17-18//ѧҡμҡѧ/й֮ǰ;Ȩܷ֮Ҫд塷޸³֮˵Ȩܷ

99ĦMulkern/19-20/Ӣ/ѧ/ŷʱ⾴㺯

100صһNapoleon Bonaparte or Napoleon /18-19//Ԫ/͢Ϊ֮ܳɡӦʱսѧ򡷡ط֮Ρй⡷ѧ˵ġ¡塷ġ彲Ȩѧ˵Ľ

101صNapoleon /19//Ԫ/Ϊս渴ѧ顷塷彲Ȩѧ˵Ľ

102ζˣIsaac Newtonţ١Ŧ١/17-18/Ӣ/ѧҡѧҡѧҡѧ/ѧ˵¡塷ĽȨѧ˵

103루Robert Owenġŷġ/18-19/Ӣ/ѧҡѧ/֮ɱ

104˼Bernard Palissyܡ/16//ҵҡѧҡѧҡѧ/ѧ˵

105˹ࣨLouis Pasteur˹¡/19//ѧҡùѧ/ѧ˵ڶ¡ѧҪ־²١塷Ľ

106ˣHenry Patrick/18//۱ҡμҡѧ/Ȩѧ˵ڶ

107ǣJohn Joseph Pershingˡ/19-20//¼/¶ƺӦ硷

108ͼPlatoжࡱ/ǰ5-ǰ4/ϣ/ѧ/ѧ˵¡Ȩѧ˵ڶ彲

109粨ޣMarco Poloޡ/13-14//̽ռҡ/ѧ˵¡֪ס

110Henry Pottinger¶Ӷ顱/18-19/Ӣ/⽻/Ȩѧ˵һ

111³Pierre Joseph Proudhon³³/19//ѧҡѧ/Ȩܷ塷Ľ

112ɶWillie Cox Redeld/19-20//μҡѧ/ʵҵƻ¼

113£Thomas H. Reid19-20/Ӣ//ݷлǰʷʮһ¡ŷ־ʿ֮ϵ

114ǶʩPaul S. Reinsch/19-20//⽻/ʵҵƻ¼

115񼣨Matteo Ricci/16-17//ڽ̼/֧֮

116޲أHenry Martyn Robert/19-20//¹̼/ݽ롶׷ɽ˵˼죬ŷʱһRobert's Parliamentary LawңҪ˵й˿ᷢԣ޷Ȿ齫õġҺû룬ԼġȨԭҴƽտսʱʧˡ־ݻƼ½Ĺϵ˵ԼǰãɽɽʱҲڵصĸشͬձʡһخһȻҺ˵һ¹ϵɰΪҪνȨһҪأҲεĻǱ뽨һǵĸܳɹһ˵һ´ȡһ齻ңҪҺخģԱӡУҽӹһԭ޲أRobertдġ֮򡷣Parliamentary Rules & Orderһ顣ʱıʮ࣬ȴδоһǵҪȻҪǷ飬ҲΨΨӦˡΪǣ̫࣬ղѴģʵһźʵҲ֪һҪԼ죬عϺȻְҡ˵㷭Ǳ޲ص֮飬ѾûУҶ˵ΪæҲʱ䣬û֡˵֪㲻ӴһԼһڴˡһ˵һĳȡһɾ͵ĸ屾Ȩ֮һʱлȨὨƴǺõġ롢Ƽ½д󣬴ǲ֪Henry Martyn RobertȷPocket Manual of Rules of Order for Deliberative Assemblies1876棬1915޶档

117ޣJohn Davison Rockefellerա/19//úʹ ҵҡʱ/йʵҵηչʵҵƻƻ˾

118ֿWilliam Woodville Rockhillֿ/19-20//⽻ҡѧ/塷һ

119˹Theodore Roosevelt˹/19-20//Ԫ/й ֮ǰ;塷ȨԾȨ֮ס

120¬Jean Jacques Rousseau¬ɧ/18//˼ҡҡѧ/й⡷д塷Ȩѧ˵һĽ塷һ

121أBertrand Arthur William Russell/19/Ӣ/ѧҡѧҡ/塷

122ɳ£Edward McChesney Sait/19/Ӣ/ѧ/ȨȨδԭ˻ϵJames Arthur SalterΪӢѧҡ

123˹ࣨRobert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne Cecil 3d marquess of Salisbury/19-20/Ӣ/μ/׶رѼǡ

124̺˹£Gerhard Johann David Von Scharnhoretɳ׻˹¡/18-19/³ʿ/¼/й⡷

125ĦEdward Hobart SeymourĪǡĦᶽ/19-20/Ӣ/¼/Ȩѧ˵彲

126ɭBertram Lenox Simpson/19-20/Ӣ/⽻/й⡷

127˹ǵAdam Smith˹ǵǵ˹ܡ/18/Ӣ/ѧҡѧҡѧ/֮ɱѧ˵ڶ¡ʵҵƻ

128ףSocratesոס/ǰ5-ǰ4/ϣ/ѧ/ѧ˵

129ʷɳBaruch or Benedict Spinoza˹ŵɳ/17//ѧ/ѧ˵

130˾George Stephensonʷ˾/18-19/Ӣ/ҡѧ/֮ɱ

131˹մ£T. L. Stoddard/19-20///塷塷ֻᵽǡһλѧߣһרɫֵ𡱣ΪThe Rising Tide of Color߼ˡ

132˹Harriet Beecher Stowe/19//С˵/Ȩѧ˵

133ѣWilliam Howard Taftѡѡ/19-20//Ԫ/ȨԾȨ֮ס

134ڣChesuey Tuncan/19-20/Ӣ//ݷлǰʷʮһ¡ŷ־ʿ֮ϵ

135άAlexandra VictoriaάŮʡ/19-20/Ӣ/Ů/й⡷

136»ضFran Cois Marie Arouet de Voltaire̩̩¡/17-18//ѧҡ˼/ʱ

137ʢ٣George Washington/18//¼ҡԪ/׶رѼǡԴѧ˵¡ 񵳷֮ܶ˼ערעؾ¡Ȩѧ˵ƾ˼Ҫ塷

138أJames Wattء/18-19/Ӣ/ҡѧ/֮ɱ

139˹ʿWestminster/19-20/Ӣ/ʱ/й֮ǰ;

140ȷ˹D. F. Wilcox/19-20//ѧ/л֮Ȩѧ˵

141һFriedrich Ludwig Wilhelm /18-19//Ԫ/й⡷

142Maurice Williamʿ/19-20//ѧҡѧ/塷һ

143ΤʿAlfred WillisΤʿ̡/19-20/Ӣ/ڽ̼/л̸ᡶ̡

144ѷThomas Woodrow Wilson/19-20//Ԫסʷѧҡѧ/1918긴Ԫ۹顷֮취塷Ľ

145أJames G. Wood/19-20/Ӣ/ѧ/׶رѼǡ¼

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Ǯͬۡʮ֮йˡ

Щþ׵䣬ɽдɽ˵ԱĬеࡣνɽйˡȻ˵ϡйˡָɽûй˵Ļëԡūܡӹʶʱ롢ȿ񡱡ɽˣûСϴ۹෴ģһŷ׿Խִ˰йˡ

Ǯ֪ͬⷬǡʹĻǲ𾴵ġЦĻڡõš413գ˵

ʣʮ֮йˡͲФ֮Ыη֮绢ǡҿѰѰȻֵȻһ£òϹֻšǡ֮޿֪ģǾŪʥ֪Ǵ棡ǳԷΪԵ̫࣬˲ĶԵʣθǱԱ͡衢кΡһҩƷʹкйǸָǡ֮޿֪ġƶһ˴˻ԼĬĿνȵȣͬأЩʱΪĸƺ֪ʶĽЩĿëˡˣж֮ͽѳڣǱ졢ʡǹڣЩ˵Ŀ˺ơ̤գҲǸָͲŪʥ֪ˡйĸʵмңΨɽ֪塣Լ˼룬ʱʱġΪ11894µţ21906122ڶ񱨼Ԫף˵񱨡ʮڣ31918ġѧ˵41924ġݽ¼Щܿɿʮ֮˼ʱʱΪԼ˼ʱʱܹԸΪҵԸΪҵˣǡʮ֮йˡͲФ˽ģǶΪУǶʹ޸¸йи֮˿ûյ֮ЧԸɻǸࡣ

ص˵൱ȻǸĸﲻɡνĸߣֻһ·ͨνΨˬˬŷ֮һѡҼνŷȫִ֮Ļŷ˽Уŷŵ磬˼ȲʡɡΨƴȥ׷λ磬ڶʱ֮ڸϣˣȻǰЦУ졣򲻿⣬Σǰ̣޼ν˹֮񡱣ҲַԵ̬ȣ˵ԵҶȫͬ⡣ΪһҪйģҿīԵˣġ⾴㡢ʡԪˡ

Щ֪ɽΰһۣҲҵһЩ֤1913ġҵ֮ࡷСǿԿʱжɽһȫҲ˽⣻ʮ꣨1937ְ֣Paul Myron Anthony Linebargerɵѧ˵The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-senҲԿΪɽй˵ĳɷֲand because he was not Chinese enoughЩ֤˵ǡ顱ɽ˵Ƕɽΰһ˽⡣ΪɽˣκνǶ񱻳ΪӢˡthe most civilized Englishman˹Havelock EllisģԱΪġˡӰˣ



ɽ׿Խ˵ķ緶Щ緶Ȼѧ濴࣬Щ⣬ԾһЩɽʵ֤ɽйһס

һƳ

ǡйˡӵİϷʲǩˮһ࣬˶šɽʮʱ򣬴ӹѼ硰żٻְżԱߵġ𻨷ˡָжϣƳŵ¼ԪдΪй·ܹ˾ͨʡ顷ָժŷˮªϰⷽĿѧ̬ȣǷǳԵġɽлʥ᳤ӺɽϵۣԵķʱɽ۳ۣԼ¾ɽ־˵Щ丽ᣬȫǳͳͳɽˣȫ˽ɽƳŵĿѧʲôǴġйˡ

ڶС

ɽСʱȰ費ҪΪ㣬ȻϰףδܳɹԪɽʱͳ̡ͨʡȰ㡱˳ɲ֮ʣ˵ȶף¸ΪòͨʡһȰйΥߣ൱֮д磬йʿܸɵóģйˡͳļͰϷдŮСŵġ㹳Ь¡йġС񱡱һɣֻ£ҪˡЦ

ظŮ

йˡظŮˡظŮɽظŮڸ󣬹ȻҰҹҰޡŮԵλҪǡɽһУᳫŮȨ׼ࡣͬ˻УСŮƽȨĹ涨1925񵳸飬ɽҲڷϡϡϡȷŮƽ֮ԭŮȨ֮չᳫŮӽԪ꣩͡ŮҪ塷1925꣩˵Լηȵţ1919꣩ҲɿЩʽظŮΰ

ͨ

ɽʮʱ顣ΪʲôС裿ɽªףϵǿɣٹȫһ£һٶ֮ʵҲ˵⻰Ժʮ꣬лˡɽ̷ʾһɼ²Թڹѣǿб෢֮ƣϤ֮סʿˣִݾ壬꣬ʹ񣬲ݱʷˣ˻Ƕϰɰ֮ЦޣΪ֡͢Ѹɹͬ˵ӾȾۣ֮¹֮񡭡δȥߣ֮޶ʮһɼвΥֿۣһϴй跢ĳ衣ֿġйˡ繼ѫ֮ɵóģ

ϽѻƬ

ɽʱͳ䲼ϽѻƬᵽҫڣΪۣ˹ʱھȾ󼲣˰εӾƣͼ棿Ϊ£֪ңƥԺãܣ԰ߣΪ֮񣬵вԺʱѡٱѡһйȨʾݣתиʡͨηϳڡδˣʱﻮٰ죬彲ᣬȰͣʹ֪ϰѩǲ֮ܣ֮硱дŸ׶ظʽҪѻƬ֮ԼЩʩǹʽġйˡģ



ɽʱͳһ쵽ԺᡣΪǴֲ·ǰ±žɹˣòǹס˵ֻԱʹͳڣ㲻һС˴󵨣ȱͳˣرȥȥɽЦͳɴˣҲδһˣ˵ͳƬŵžģɽ˵㲻Ҫ£Ҿأ֪ʷˣ֪ɽʱ䲼ˡ˾ֹͨ巣棺̷ˣɡδļŰ壬巣֮ߡ°⳥𺦣ظԭ״֮°з֮ɣʩƽҪо̰׼٤ż̾ߣﵱȼϺߣϤĿƷ־Ƕʹƨɵġйˡóģ

׼

ʱͳɽ˲巣⣬˽ֹٷѶϰյݡ˾ֹѶʾͳᳫ˵ע߹ѣʮأŰ״ʿѶһˣʹҹ˼߹⸴ҵҸɹһңԶߡؽΣӷʼΪòת˾𣬼ְһŲ׼Ѷ֤֮ʵ񣬲ƫؿڹǰ̾ߣϤٻ٣ԲʱԱѲӣвФ˾վù̬ȣɿŶߣݶְ⣬˾Ӧ֮Ȩʥ֣̣ѵ˾⡣ģֵģҲⲻľġйˡ硣йˡͳ󰸷ʽǰʽĻʽģ޹ȶһ󡢡ġһ˵

ڰ

ɽСʱеūߡʱͳһ桶⽻бһֹūķΧֹ˿ڡڡֹ˿ˡġȨԡȻƣ֮ʼˣƽȣ˴壬ڹΪòգѸඨͨú󲻵˿£Υ߷ǰԼϤΪ֮ϵū֡ʱĴģҲǹȥйˡ˽ġܡй䣨֣ͤ͸ɹѼūĲ£˵ʲô

ھȨ

츳ȨƽȣרΪ֮˹䶾棻֮׼ǰǧר֮䱾ɡ֮֮͞ԥ֮ؤν׼ΪūߣS߲ųȾرƣʹݡһɹ輰ȨĪΪȹ͸ɣ˵֮ʣݴ˵ȿôҮΪʾ񣬶ڹ֮һȨȨѡ١ȣ˽Ȩסۡ桢ᡢŽ֮ɵȣһУ죬ȨùɽԪġȨͨʡġƪ֣Ʒǧйˡϵġһɹ輰Ұ

ʮƺ

ɽʱͳڶ£Ͱ䷢ˡǰƺ˵Ϊ֮أְԱ֮֮ͣ׼ȡǷ֮ơǰӹٵ֮£Сˡүƣ֮Lʩ֮ʧȡɡ⸴ԺطӲ죬ؾɳƣΪ֮衣úԱƣԹְͨƺԻԻǰơΪòգټ֪ͨ𣬲ת̥ƽȵǣʮˣڵġйˡָ˶أ

ʮһ

л죬ɽһֱŲ½𩶫Ƶġ족޳áɫ족ʱͳʱиԺ۹ţ԰ɫ죬ãδʧ192310£ȫѧڹݿᣬɽᣬҵɫ죬ܾ쾴񣬲˵ɫ죬ǸղϹҾͲһΪҲˡɫ峯һƷٵ죿Ǹ˻ʵ۵죬ȴݹŵɫ죬ʲôҪȥɫ죬ҪǴǰģں졣ɽе磬־һ沨ġйˡõġ

ʮٹ

ĩ꣬;ܣѴＫ㣬׹Բƻϣʿ»£߮ıʦɷ磬֬Τͻݣ֪ܣ¾ҰԺòΪΣѭ㪣Ե˸ʼճ磬ɨΣʱʧȻδ䣬δУɽߴʱȡ֮ģи֮㣬һ׽֮ߡʱͳٷѡĵһΡʱɽĹٳһ׽֮ߡ۹⡣˵ֲθԱÿһ˶ְߣְ߲֪֮Ϊʧ죻߲ףΪðȡɡָժķͺġйˡֽ˶٣

ʮ

ɽĸãܸܵǮͺܴԪ꣬㶫壬㶫ɽԣͨ˵ΪΪηϰֱˣһ磬䷽ߡδ̨ʧߣԹΪּƣררһ£簲ʵҵ֮࣬ص˴ΡǿвԾߣԴ򣬱ȲɲҲͬʱָ㶫˵ӸټΪ֮ģδ𣬷ǱҲֱˣزΣһ̨䷽أǳӦˡΪˣʵҵֵΪ֮ǿѣ⸲㤣֮ʼ֪Īܣİ԰Ҳ£ֱʾɽˡľ־Ǹһ˵õȮͬġйˡȫͬġ

ʮѫλ

Ԭ˴ͳԺص͸ɽʹѫλɽлˡȥ˵Ԭͳ磬Ĵѫλ㤻̣ȥ壬ʮʡѴεڹ⸴ĸԺ⣬ʱͬиң뼱ıͳһ֯ʱ飬з϶ҹԾȹģȫ֣࣬нաʼ䣬ʵ޹дز٣ҹģʮسƽ壬϶ռر׼ѫλΥ΢㧣ջسʵкɣԬҪͣҶµϺѫλ֤顣ɽдŻؾҶԾЯи»ݴ֮ѫλ֤顣˼ʼղܣɼǰε֮вߡλ̹Ӧ֮䣬Ψһδ̣зǹԹ֮ʱΪߣ˷Ϊһ֮񣬶˿ϣ֮ģĲԸԴΪڳĲܴѫλ֮Ҳɽ־֡ΪֻΪһ֮񡱵ľ񣬶ľ

ʮָժα

ǰ桰ѫλӣɽһεԴ׼ûС֮ˡ෴ģһˣܿȨ롰񡱵Թϵ͵ġ۲ݶԪѫ顷ԿΪ֮ȨΪζȨ֮ͨ˵ҲʱȨߣ൱ΡȻվйܲΣȲܲΣܲȨӡԻ֮ԡйǧα֮ϰߣᱲö֮ҲԸ˶ۣܾԸУȨߣΪ̲Դ֮˼룬֮ˡзѡðʮ֮ʿҹ۸֮ɣһȨʵƽġֶԡȨ񡱹۵ȷԡйǧαơָժɽĹ۲Ƕȡ

ʮó

йˡ̫أ̫ص˲ٵϵƫԽϽϡСһʡһһһ򣬶ڡɣխ±ָһССɽǹ㶫ˣȴûĹŬѧϰĹٻҲĴͬ˵úõöࡣԪ2£ʱͳʸ񣬲Ҫ󡰹ó򡱣֮ٹ⣬ȫ֮ҸЩȫȫΪ۵㣬һʡһΪ۵ġڹ۵ĿֻйһΡ硱ĻᡣԹ㶫ȫʡҲȫȫ֮£ⲻ磬ά֮Σܹˡ1918꡶иܵ硷ػԲ㡰ͬᡱġйˡеġ

ʮȡ

ɽǼɵġȻκʽʲôɡʲô淨ȫŽ̡УǲҲЩǯɵķ⣬෴ģǵҳԱסԪ39ţɽȡбġʾڸǯɵġ񲿡ľ棺Ϻἰݵƣ񲿵磬궨б£ȫѳϣת֪յɣܷأƴӶģΪʦԷר޹´ߡòбɣƫȱ֮ģʵȺ󻺼֮Ҫʹǯ֮ڽνҲһзɽԵɲԺΪЧòбɣδԺ޷֮Чж֣νɴȨ뿴Ǻεɵ̬ȣ̬ȣȻԴĽۡ

ʮȰ

⡰Ž̡ˣй̫˼ΪѹɵĽڡⲻ֪ȫɽԭ⡣ɽ˵ҹʷר֮£ڣ֮һΪר֮ūܾ֮ѹƣһвɡȺȺĹ¡Ҳ˵ҹǰרϿᣬ֮Ȩ֮ѧΪȫΡЩ֤֤ɽУйˡȨɵȱɽˣ˵ǡߡΪַ￻ѡͳġ֡ľʫѩľ

ʮֹɱ

Ȱɵ˽ɵˣȻͬʱرɵˡһ˵ɡڵɣһñءڸʱΪ˴ﵽĿģаɱ֮٣ⱾһʱȨˡԺ󣬵ɱİ취ʱɽ̱ʾԡ191971գдšʱΪ֮ߣΪ֯ɱ岻ɡɽȴ˵԰ɱһ٣޳ɡ峯ʱͬ־дˣ¶ɱʤɱҲ֮ţ֮УȻ𣬲ڰɱҲǶйʷˣѿսƳʱġɱͳֲַͳġйˡΪ֮ɽȴΪ֮

ڶʮ켺

ͳġйˡԸ켺ķǿ׷ơîķǴС棬״ŭ赶ɱˡ켺ѵɽ˼ϵˡǡ֮šֶΡšԸ֮סĳ˵֮˵˷ڰ֮רƹŷ֮Թָȣ֮Ű޵ʷ޶Ϊ˹ۣ֮ո½֮ƣ˵ȹۣ֮ཥӡ֮죬Ϊʥһ֪⣬ʵνҲԸ֮סָڽ֮ޣȲƣΪִзɣƶ˶ƣΪ١ʵڽգʹ֮ΪƽͣΪᵳ֮ʤֶҲַȣֵð۱ˡǡ֮ñӵġйˡ

ڶʮһϧ

ΪɽԸ켺šסڱ֮Ϊ󡣱еֱ֡﷽棬ӢʵԶʤġдĶ硶ѧ˵˵й֮£ӣڱ﷨ϸʻ̫࣬־ĪĸţԳڡӡ⣬ԣȴ֪˵Щʲôɽּģʻˬ졣ޣֱΪҰ֡ֱΪ޲ͬ۸뱣֮Ұ顷ֱΪǿѧ˵򣩡֣ˬˬʽ˷һûСйˡµ̬

ڶʮ˾

йˡĴͳѵǡϡңСʱڼ绹Ī˾ʯʱ˴˾˵̬ȡΪһıۣǧϣΪһ䱻̰ͥϾꡣڡйˡСģģȴΪ˽Ȩڵֿĵֿƽϵĵֿ鷳ĵֿǽġгġε塣ɽ˽һҪԣ֧˾Ҳ֧˳˾Ųȡйˡ̬ȡ

ڶʮ޳

ڷͥеʱɽšʧƽ֮ݡȫʦ״ԡʹͥõƽݵķȻʵġơƣԶ19͵һ꣬ɽдܶ״ⶩƽ³ת̸޳顷ŵġƽ³̡棬šƽ̡С񣬷ŷ֮Աдλʱû뵽ʮġйˡǺųͽˣйŷ֮ƣ

ڶʮ

ڻ¼ɽŲĹ£䶩һ£˷Ͼ¶Ŀжάߣۣ֣ʾְһʱĳɽ֡һڴۣʼͨ1911Ϧҹ縴뼴ݰְɽְ󣬵ڶ죬ĳˡԪͨ硷ĺ£ǣʡлԻƵۼԪǧʮһʮգΪлԪԪɸʡž飬ɱͳСʮգףꡣ벼档ġǣǧйձƷ

ڶʮ

׷Ӳɽˡǰʮ꣬ɽдԴӢѧҵԶ˹˵Լ־ԶĽ档ѧ಩Ӳѧ֮ģѧģDarwinism֮£ೣڽҮգл֮ʢɡڿ׷ӣᶼᡣԪڹ㶫ʡ˵롷ҲᵽԿӸڽգ˷֮ߡĻɼ׷У״ʲôλɽżᵽӣˡС֮ҲΪһζģ峯ѧĿ֤ΰĻȴּǡ׷֮ԡ⣬ɽйͳϡססİϷʹ꡶ԬϭġԬԷǷʽͳף鼰켣˾֮·˽Լⲻװ׵ķԡס

ڶʮ

йˡֺϷǿڳԷǡˡԲмڸɵ¡ˡеȫҪȵŲİҡӰǼ¶˾һɽȻǷԿڳԷˡ߰䣬סϺŸһҪڳԷˣƣ֪Ϊ棬ΪᣬԺṩڣδҲƣʮһ˷ʣһǧˣҢ˴̲ҲִҵһգҪһΪҲҪԸΪ֮ᣬΪǣǮҲŲСˡľҲСˡĸ߼ĬС

ڶʮ˵

ɽѧϰѧѵһвѧĸᣬһŷԡ19181£һĴҽдɽ֮˵£ѧνԪߣǷΪһ֮ţԪ֪֮޵ȼ̫ӣѧܷ̫շߺʿܷ֮óҩ뷽ʿ޷ֱ𣿡Щ⣬Ǵ׾غҸĻ⡣ɽĴＫΪǾǣ֪ѧùôӹ˵ᣡּأǽҪ׾ؿ߷ˮġйˡأ

ڶʮƷ

йҪǣһν鷨ġԪϡǣϲ죬Ҳ֮ⲻַ֪ģҲɽԵġӵʮĸˣдŸɽҪΪǵѺο֮ȫܳĸһƷʱɽȴˬĴԴ˵ʵ֮飬֮ʵΪ󣬲ƷΪһ飬ãΪھ硣Ʒ⣬Ҹͣ뿴Ǻε¾дάĸ֣ʡ¡ɽȴϣһҪ¡ˡ鷳дʮָ֣ͬͬԣ񡰰ַһЦ磬ɽǾԲμӵġ

ڶʮд

ǰһĻ£ɽдˣȻҲסΪ֮򡱡19205£޼дŸҪΪŮΨķ塷д޼˵Լ֮ˣȼⲻ֪ɽɽĴǣϰҽȻվãʶԴר֮оĵãĪһǡлɽϵԣǶô̬ȣ

ʮ

˽磬ҲǡйˡĲ̬֮һɽһס1919꣬һĹǵĻТޣдŸ˵ۣ쭣־꣬Ըи㡣⣬±׷Ʋţƣ鶨ܣҹǽ룬ġϣѧ˵һΪϲʿңʤδ֮ɽַʣ֮£ѧ˵һᣬʵУʤʽӣ

ʮһ򲻼

йˡһд飬Ƽˡһ棬ߴԵǲԪࡣԪమƼǽҴ˽飬ԻǺõģȻд̫࣬ʧЧɽһ̬ȫɵġıߣдŸܰѧУȲ龩мƣ֮˽ܣʱУơ˿ܣԷѧУұ󺽿ʼڰмΫصȴѧ£;̾ܣǰ֮ѧɳŵʾԭϣɽ򲻼ˣ֪ЧȰͬ־ͼֲ¡˽ǣ̬ȣ䱾ԴҲġ

ʮҽ

ڡ׳塷1925218£һΣգЭҽԺҽԺرʻʨӺͬԯѺͬ־ΪҽԺȾԵϧȡκηӳƼҽ½ٰߣ½ҽκʲʿɺԣ򲻾ܡ季ʯúʱ¸򣩣⣬Լͬ顣Ƽҽ̫أɫ־ȣ̼߾̼״ĪΪһƽʱԺһ˵ɲɡ½ͬҽԡԻ֪֮ѧҽˡνһԣҩι£ֱʾɽǰѧ̬ȡ

ӡ⻯˹ɻ

ٵʮӣͷ׵ˣȻ˽ɽֵһ֣˽ѬԺǱĬӰ챣صġġܵġŵġ׵ġαƵġ̵ġйˡֿĽ˼ϸĸлܾýһ㡰йˡǲ̵ͨ˽⡣ٳȥδԲɽ

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һתɡǵĴ˶ǹǽɽݹʷ˵Ӳɽǵġ˼ߡǾڲɽ˼ĻҲڲᡰԽԡС֯йĻҲڲɽۼԵĻҲڲɽĻֻǵ۾Ӳ˵ɽɣ

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ӡ˼֮仯

˽ɽˣ˽ɽˣ볹ɽˡԱīܶΰָʾʮǰ۽ī֮ȨΪֻзӡī֮Ȩܴﵽ˼֮仯ܴﵽɹĹʵ߼ϵᵳո֮ɹ˼֮仯

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Ǵһй˶ЩǺȱġйһһǷ㣬ֻҪйһΣ㿴ú塷

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ƪ˵Ǵʷ֤йˡų⡰ĵҡûȻ֪ȾϼųͲų·ָڽ֪ȾУɽųˣһǽгɼһΰΰҸеʮδܱĹȫ˽⡢˽⣬ǺܿɱˣҾվҳһ㳹׳Ĺ

ɽҵһҪѧҽѧҽӴѧĻĻ㡣һҪר⣬ȥѧ߲ûооûע⵽ʱɽĻʷҽѧʷռĵλǺܴǫ̇̄ʡҽʦϣΪǲȱͬˣҾдⱾɺйҽѧǰ棬ڱͷΣһҾƪ򡪡˵ϣûʸҵϣʸҵָ̡

1965

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