=====
Fonts
=====

In LVGL fonts are collections of bitmaps and other information required
to render images of individual letters (glyph). A font is stored in a
:cpp:type:`lv_font_t` variable and can be set in a style's *text_font* field.
For example:

.. code:: c

   lv_style_set_text_font(&my_style, &lv_font_montserrat_28);  /*Set a larger font*/

Fonts have a **bpp (bits per pixel)** property. It shows how many bits
are used to describe a pixel in a font. The value stored for a pixel
determines the pixel's opacity. This way, with higher *bpp*, the edges
of the letter can be smoother. The possible *bpp* values are 1, 2, 4 and
8 (higher values mean better quality).

The *bpp* property also affects the amount of memory needed to store a
font. For example, *bpp = 4* makes a font nearly four times larger
compared to *bpp = 1*.

Unicode support
***************

LVGL supports **UTF-8** encoded Unicode characters. Your editor needs to
be configured to save your code/text as UTF-8 (usually this the default)
and be sure that, :c:macro:`LV_TXT_ENC` is set to :c:macro:`LV_TXT_ENC_UTF8` in
*lv_conf.h*. (This is the default value)

To test it try

.. code:: c

   lv_obj_t * label1 = lv_label_create(lv_scr_act(), NULL);
   lv_label_set_text(label1, LV_SYMBOL_OK);

If all works well, a ✓ character should be displayed.

Built-in fonts
**************

There are several built-in fonts in different sizes, which can be
enabled in ``lv_conf.h`` with *LV_FONT\_…* defines. ### Normal fonts
Containing all the ASCII characters, the degree symbol (U+00B0), the
bullet symbol (U+2022) and the built-in symbols (see below).

- :c:macro:`LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_12`: 12 px font
- :c:macro:`LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_14`: 14 px font
- :c:macro:`LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_16`: 16 px font
- :c:macro:`LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_18`: 18 px font
- :c:macro:`LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_20`: 20 px font
- :c:macro:`LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_22`: 22 px font
- :c:macro:`LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_24`: 24 px font
- :c:macro:`LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_26`: 26 px font
- :c:macro:`LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_28`: 28 px font
- :c:macro:`LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_30`: 30 px font
- :c:macro:`LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_32`: 32 px font
- :c:macro:`LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_34`: 34 px font
- :c:macro:`LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_36`: 36 px font
- :c:macro:`LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_38`: 38 px font
- :c:macro:`LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_40`: 40 px font
- :c:macro:`LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_42`: 42 px font
- :c:macro:`LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_44`: 44 px font
- :c:macro:`LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_46`: 46 px font
- :c:macro:`LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_48`: 48 px font

Special fonts
-------------

-  :c:macro:`LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_12_SUBPX`: Same as normal 12 px font but with `subpixel rendering <#subpixel-rendering>`__
-  :c:macro:`LV_FONT_MONTSERRAT_28_COMPRESSED`: Same as normal 28 px font but stored as a `compressed font <#compress-fonts>`__ with 3 bpp
-  :c:macro:`LV_FONT_DEJAVU_16_PERSIAN_HEBREW`: 16 px font with normal range + Hebrew, Arabic, Persian letters and all their forms
-  :c:macro:`LV_FONT_SIMSUN_16_CJK`: 16 px font with normal range plus 1000 of the most common CJK radicals
-  :c:macro:`LV_FONT_UNSCII_8`: 8 px pixel perfect font with only ASCII characters
-  :c:macro:`LV_FONT_UNSCII_16`: 16 px pixel perfect font with only ASCII characters

The built-in fonts are **global variables** with names like
:cpp:var:`lv_font_montserrat_16` for a 16 px height font. To use them in a
style, just add a pointer to a font variable like shown above.

The built-in fonts with *bpp = 4* contain the ASCII characters and use
the `Montserrat <https://fonts.google.com/specimen/Montserrat>`__ font.

In addition to the ASCII range, the following symbols are also added to
the built-in fonts from the `FontAwesome <https://fontawesome.com/>`__
font.

.. image:: /misc/symbols.png

The symbols can be used singly as:

.. code:: c

   lv_label_set_text(my_label, LV_SYMBOL_OK);

Or together with strings (compile time string concatenation):

.. code:: c

   lv_label_set_text(my_label, LV_SYMBOL_OK "Apply");

Or more symbols together:

.. code:: c

   lv_label_set_text(my_label, LV_SYMBOL_OK LV_SYMBOL_WIFI LV_SYMBOL_PLAY);

Special features
****************

Bidirectional support
---------------------

Most languages use a Left-to-Right (LTR for short) writing direction,
however some languages (such as Hebrew, Persian or Arabic) use
Right-to-Left (RTL for short) direction.

LVGL not only supports RTL texts but supports mixed (a.k.a.
bidirectional, BiDi) text rendering too. Some examples:

.. image:: /misc/bidi.png

BiDi support is enabled by :c:macro:`LV_USE_BIDI` in *lv_conf.h*

All texts have a base direction (LTR or RTL) which determines some
rendering rules and the default alignment of the text (Left or Right).
However, in LVGL, the base direction is not only applied to labels. It's
a general property which can be set for every object. If not set then it
will be inherited from the parent. This means it's enough to set the
base direction of a screen and every object will inherit it.

The default base direction for screens can be set by
:c:macro:`LV_BIDI_BASE_DIR_DEF` in *lv_conf.h* and other objects inherit the
base direction from their parent.

To set an object's base direction use :cpp:expr:`lv_obj_set_base_dir(obj, base_dir)`.
The possible base directions are: 

- :cpp:enumerator:`LV_BASE_DIR_LTR`: Left to Right base direction
- :cpp:enumerator:`LV_BASE_DIR_RTL`: Right to Left base direction
- :cpp:enumerator:`LV_BASE_DIR_AUTO`: Auto detect base direction

This list summarizes the effect of RTL base direction on objects: 

- Create objects by default on the right 
- ``lv_tabview``: Displays tabs from right to left 
- ``lv_checkbox``: Shows the box on the right 
- ``lv_btnmatrix``: Shows buttons from right to left 
- ``lv_list``: Shows icons on the right 
- ``lv_dropdown``: Aligns options to the right 
- The texts in ``lv_table``, ``lv_btnmatrix``, ``lv_keyboard``, ``lv_tabview``, ``lv_dropdown``, ``lv_roller`` are "BiDi processed" to be displayed correctly

Arabic and Persian support
--------------------------

There are some special rules to display Arabic and Persian characters:
the *form* of a character depends on its position in the text. A
different form of the same letter needs to be used when it is isolated,
at start, middle or end positions. Besides these, some conjunction rules
should also be taken into account.

LVGL supports these rules if :c:macro:`LV_USE_ARABIC_PERSIAN_CHARS` is enabled.

However, there are some limitations: 

- Only displaying text is supported (e.g. on labels), text inputs (e.g. text area) don't support this feature. 
- Static text (i.e. const) is not processed. E.g. texts set by :cpp:func:`lv_label_set_text` will be "Arabic processed" but :cpp:func:`lv_label_set_text_static` won't.
- Text get functions (e.g. :cpp:func:`lv_label_get_text`) will return the processed text.

Subpixel rendering
------------------

Subpixel rendering allows for tripling the horizontal resolution by
rendering anti-aliased edges on Red, Green and Blue channels instead of
at pixel level granularity. This takes advantage of the position of
physical color channels of each pixel, resulting in higher quality
letter anti-aliasing. Learn more
`here <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subpixel_rendering>`__.

For subpixel rendering, the fonts need to be generated with special
settings: 

- In the online converter tick the ``Subpixel`` box 
- In the command line tool use ``--lcd`` flag. Note that the generated font needs about three times more memory.

Subpixel rendering works only if the color channels of the pixels have a
horizontal layout. That is the R, G, B channels are next to each other
and not above each other. The order of color channels also needs to
match with the library settings. By default, LVGL assumes ``RGB`` order,
however this can be swapped by setting :c:macro:`LV_SUBPX_BGR`  ``1`` in
*lv_conf.h*.

Compressed fonts
----------------

The bitmaps of fonts can be compressed by 

- ticking the ``Compressed`` check box in the online converter 
- not passing the ``--no-compress`` flag to the offline converter (compression is applied by default)

Compression is more effective with larger fonts and higher bpp. However,
it's about 30% slower to render compressed fonts. Therefore, it's
recommended to compress only the largest fonts of a user interface,
because 

- they need the most memory 
- they can be compressed better 
- and probably they are used less frequently then the medium-sized fonts, so the performance cost is smaller.

.. _add_font:

Add a new font
**************

There are several ways to add a new font to your project: 

1. The simplest method is to use the `Online font converter <https://lvgl.io/tools/fontconverter>`__. 
   Just set the parameters, click the *Convert* button, copy the font to your project
   and use it. **Be sure to carefully read the steps provided on that site
   or you will get an error while converting.** 
2. Use the `Offline font converter <https://github.com/lvgl/lv_font_conv>`__. 
   (Requires Node.js to be installed)
3. If you want to create something like the built-in
   fonts (Montserrat font and symbols) but in a different size and/or
   ranges, you can use the ``built_in_font_gen.py`` script in
   ``lvgl/scripts/built_in_font`` folder. (This requires Python and
   ``lv_font_conv`` to be installed)

To declare a font in a file, use :cpp:expr:`LV_FONT_DECLARE(my_font_name)`.

To make fonts globally available (like the built-in fonts), add them to
:c:macro:`LV_FONT_CUSTOM_DECLARE` in *lv_conf.h*.

Add new symbols
***************

The built-in symbols are created from the `FontAwesome <https://fontawesome.com/>`__ font.

1. Search for a symbol on https://fontawesome.com. For example the 
   `USB symbol <https://fontawesome.com/icons/usb?style=brands>`__. Copy its
   Unicode ID which is ``0xf287`` in this case.
2. Open the `Online font converter <https://lvgl.io/tools/fontconverter>`__. 
   Add `FontAwesome.woff <https://lvgl.io/assets/others/FontAwesome5-Solid+Brands+Regular.woff>`__.
3. Set the parameters such as Name, Size, BPP. You'll use this name to
   declare and use the font in your code.
4. Add the Unicode ID of the symbol to the range field. E.g.\ ``0xf287``
   for the USB symbol. More symbols can be enumerated with ``,``.
5. Convert the font and copy the generated source code to your project.
   Make sure to compile the .c file of your font.
6. Declare the font using ``extern lv_font_t my_font_name;`` or simply
   use :cpp:expr:`LV_FONT_DECLARE(my_font_name)`.

**Using the symbol** 

1. Convert the Unicode value to UTF8, for example on 
   `this site <http://www.ltg.ed.ac.uk/~richard/utf-8.cgi?input=f287&mode=hex>`__.
   For ``0xf287`` the *Hex UTF-8 bytes* are ``EF 8A 87``.
2. Create a ``define`` string from the UTF8 values: ``#define MY_USB_SYMBOL "\xEF\x8A\x87"``
3. Create a label and set the text. Eg. :cpp:expr:`lv_label_set_text(label, MY_USB_SYMBOL)`

:note: :cpp:expr:`lv_label_set_text(label, MY_USB_SYMBOL)` searches for this
       symbol in the font defined in ``style.text.font`` properties. To use the
       symbol you may need to change it. Eg ``style.text.font = my_font_name``

Load a font at run-time
***********************

:cpp:func:`lv_font_load` can be used to load a font from a file. The font needs
to have a special binary format. (Not TTF or WOFF). Use
`lv_font_conv <https://github.com/lvgl/lv_font_conv/>`__ with the
``--format bin`` option to generate an LVGL compatible font file.

:note: To load a font `LVGL's filesystem </overview/file-system>`__
       needs to be enabled and a driver must be added.

Example

.. code:: c

   lv_font_t * my_font;
   my_font = lv_font_load(X/path/to/my_font.bin);

   /*Use the font*/

   /*Free the font if not required anymore*/
   lv_font_free(my_font);

Add a new font engine
*********************

LVGL's font interface is designed to be very flexible but, even so, you
can add your own font engine in place of LVGL's internal one. For
example, you can use `FreeType <https://www.freetype.org/>`__ to
real-time render glyphs from TTF fonts or use an external flash to store
the font's bitmap and read them when the library needs them.

A ready to use FreeType can be found in
`lv_freetype <https://github.com/lvgl/lv_lib_freetype>`__ repository.

To do this, a custom :cpp:type:`lv_font_t` variable needs to be created:

.. code:: c

   /*Describe the properties of a font*/
   lv_font_t my_font;
   my_font.get_glyph_dsc = my_get_glyph_dsc_cb;        /*Set a callback to get info about glyphs*/
   my_font.get_glyph_bitmap = my_get_glyph_bitmap_cb;  /*Set a callback to get bitmap of a glyph*/
   my_font.line_height = height;                       /*The real line height where any text fits*/
   my_font.base_line = base_line;                      /*Base line measured from the top of line_height*/
   my_font.dsc = something_required;                   /*Store any implementation specific data here*/
   my_font.user_data = user_data;                      /*Optionally some extra user data*/

   ...

   /* Get info about glyph of `unicode_letter` in `font` font.
    * Store the result in `dsc_out`.
    * The next letter (`unicode_letter_next`) might be used to calculate the width required by this glyph (kerning)
    */
   bool my_get_glyph_dsc_cb(const lv_font_t * font, lv_font_glyph_dsc_t * dsc_out, uint32_t unicode_letter, uint32_t unicode_letter_next)
   {
       /*Your code here*/

       /* Store the result.
        * For example ...
        */
       dsc_out->adv_w = 12;        /*Horizontal space required by the glyph in [px]*/
       dsc_out->box_h = 8;         /*Height of the bitmap in [px]*/
       dsc_out->box_w = 6;         /*Width of the bitmap in [px]*/
       dsc_out->ofs_x = 0;         /*X offset of the bitmap in [pf]*/
       dsc_out->ofs_y = 3;         /*Y offset of the bitmap measured from the as line*/
       dsc_out->bpp   = 2;         /*Bits per pixel: 1/2/4/8*/

       return true;                /*true: glyph found; false: glyph was not found*/
   }


   /* Get the bitmap of `unicode_letter` from `font`. */
   const uint8_t * my_get_glyph_bitmap_cb(const lv_font_t * font, uint32_t unicode_letter)
   {
       /* Your code here */

       /* The bitmap should be a continuous bitstream where
        * each pixel is represented by `bpp` bits */

       return bitmap;    /*Or NULL if not found*/
   }

Use font fallback
*****************

You can specify ``fallback`` in :cpp:type:`lv_font_t` to provide fallback to the
font. When the font fails to find glyph to a letter, it will try to let
font from ``fallback`` to handle.

``fallback`` can be chained, so it will try to solve until there is no ``fallback`` set.

.. code:: c

   /* Roboto font doesn't have support for CJK glyphs */
   lv_font_t *roboto = my_font_load_function();
   /* Droid Sans Fallback has more glyphs but its typeface doesn't look good as Roboto */
   lv_font_t *droid_sans_fallback = my_font_load_function();
   /* So now we can display Roboto for supported characters while having wider characters set support */
   roboto->fallback = droid_sans_fallback;

API
***
